失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的影响因素分析

许丹青 ,  张映媛 ,  木唤 ,  撒采芬 ,  牟春燕 ,  王远珍 ,  李卫昆 ,  刘立

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1364 -1370.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1364 -1370. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250721
肝纤维化及肝硬化

失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的影响因素分析

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Influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis

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摘要

目的 研究失代偿期乙型肝炎硬化患者再代偿发生的影响因素,建立预测模型。 方法 收集2016年1月1日—2022年12月31日就诊于昆明市第三人民医院并诊断为失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化的患者517例。查阅患者资料,至少1年内无门静脉高压相关并发症者纳入再代偿组(n=207),未再代偿者为持续失代偿组(n=310)。收集相关临床资料,对可能影响再代偿发生的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox回归模型分析。符合正态分布的计量资料,两组间比较采用成组t检验。不符合正态分布的计量资料,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法。使用“rms”程序包建立列线图;绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)并计算曲线下面积;使用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评估模型的拟合度;使用“Calibration Curves”程序包绘制校准曲线对模型进行评价。 结果 失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者中有207例(40.03%)发生再代偿。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,再代偿组经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)史、基因分型、门静脉血栓、合并感染、Child-Pugh分级、年龄、Hb、PLT、总蛋白、Alb、ALT、TG、甘油三酯、肌酐、Na、IL-6、超敏C反应蛋白、门静脉宽度、门静脉流速与持续失代偿组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。多因素回归分析结果显示:TIPS史(HR=2.491,95%CI:1.325~4.681,P=0.005)、门静脉血栓形成(HR=0.345,95%CI:0.152~0.783,P=0.001)、Hb(HR=1.007,95%CI:1.000~1.013,P=0.028)、Alb(HR=1.048,95%CI:1.017~1.080,P=0.002)和门静脉宽度(HR=0.899,95%CI:0.835~0.967,P=0.004)是失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的独立影响因素;基于以上5个影响因素构建列线图,Hosmer-Lemesho检验显示,该模型具有较好的拟合度(χ²=3.202,P=0.921),该模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.728,敏感度为50.3%,特异度为85.0%,校准曲线显示该模型预测失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿发生的预测值与实际值有较好的一致性。 结论 有TIPS史、Alb及Hb水平高的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者更容易出现再代偿,合并门静脉血栓及门静脉宽度增加的患者不易出现再代偿。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, and to establish a predictive model. Methods A total of 517 patients who attended The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming and were diagnosed with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2022 were enrolled. The clinical data of the patients were reviewed, and the 207 patients with no portal hypertension-related complications within at least 1 year were enrolled as recompensation group, while the 310 patients without recompensation were enrolled as persistent decompensation group. Related clinical data were collected, and the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed for the factors that might affect the occurrence of recompensation. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The “rms” package was used to establish a nomogram; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated; the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to evaluate the degree of fitting of the model; the “Calibration Curves” package was used to plot the calibration curve for model assessment. Results Among the patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, 207 (40.03%) had recompensation. The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that there were significant differences between the recompensation group and the persistent decompensation group in TIPS history, genotyping, portal vein thrombosis, complicated infection, Child-Pugh class, age, hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count, total protein, albumin (Alb), alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, Na, interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, portal vein width, and portal vein velocity (all P<0.05). The multivariate regression analysis showed that TIPS history (hazard ratio [HR]=2.491, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.325‍ ‍—‍ ‍4.681, P=0.005), portal vein thrombosis (HR=0.345, 95%CI: 0.152‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.783, P=0.001), Hb (HR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.000‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.013, P=0.028), Alb (HR=1.048, 95%CI: 1.017‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.080, P=0.002), and portal vein width (HR=0.899, 95%CI: 0.835‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.967, P=0.004) were independent influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis. A nomogram model was established based on the above five influencing factors, and the Hosmers-Lemeshow test showed that this model had a good degree of fitting (χ²=3.202, P=0.921). The nomogram model had an AUC of 0.728, a sensitivity of 50.3%, and a specificity of 85.0%, and the calibration curve showed good consistency between the actual value of this model in predicting the occurrence of recompensation and the predicted value in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis. Conclusion Patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis who have a history of TIPS and high levels of Alb and Hb are more likely to have recompensation, and it is relatively difficult for patients with portal vein thrombosis and an increase in portal vein width to achieve recompensation.

Graphical abstract

关键词

乙型肝炎, 慢性 / 肝硬化 / 危险因素

Key words

Hepatitis B, Chronic / Liver Cirrhosis / Risk Factors

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许丹青,张映媛,木唤,撒采芬,牟春燕,王远珍,李卫昆,刘立. 失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的影响因素分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(07): 1364-1370 DOI:10.12449/JCH250721

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慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)是引起肝硬化的主要病因,其中10%~20%发展为肝硬化1。失代偿的发生是终末期肝病的开始,患者的5年生存率仅为14%2。有研究证实,有效的病因及对症治疗可以使部分失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者达到再代偿状态3-6,降低患者病死率6。本研究通过对失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者进行回顾性分析,探索其发生再代偿的影响因素,以期为临床诊治提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象及分组

收集2016年1月1日—2022年12月31日就诊于昆明市第三人民医院诊断为失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化的患者517例。查阅患者资料,至少1年之内无门静脉高压相关并发症纳入再代偿组,未再代偿者为持续失代偿组。纳入标准:(1)诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化;(2)出现门静脉高压相关并发症,如腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征等。排除标准:(1)合并HBV以外的其他嗜肝病毒感染;(2)合并自身免疫性肝病、药物性肝病、酒精性肝病等其他肝脏疾病;(3)既往有肝癌病史或首次入院后6个月内诊断为肝癌患者;(4)合并其他影响患者生存的重大疾病;(5)资料不全。

1.2 相关定义及标准

再代偿的定义:失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者经过有效的病因治疗及对症治疗后,至少12个月无腹水(停用利尿药物)、肝性脑病(停用乳果糖/利福昔明)和肝硬化伴EVB7。失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化诊断依据病史、体格检查、影像学检查及检验结果。腹水分级依据超声结果。少量腹水:超声下腹水深度<3 cm;中量腹水:超声下腹水深度3~10 cm;大量腹水:超声下腹水深度>10 cm7。持续病毒学应答(sustained viral response,SVR)即HBV DNA持续低于检测下限,HBV DNA<100 IU/mL。感染包括:肺部感染、上呼吸道感染、自发性腹膜炎、泌尿系感染及皮肤软组织感染。

1.3 资料采集

收集患者病史、入院时实验室检查指标及辅助检查结果,记录并分析再代偿组与持续失代偿组患者的一般资料,包括年龄、性别、BMI、2型糖尿病史、高血压病史、肝癌家族史、内镜治疗史、经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)史、部分脾脏栓塞史、内镜治疗史、口服β受体阻滞剂(NSBB)、基因分型、是否SVR等。患者入院时首次临床检测资料包括白细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、总胆红素(TBil)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆固醇(TG)、甘油三酯(CHOL)、肌酐(Cr)、钠(Na)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、超声弹性成像及超声检查结果等;本次住院患者腹水、感染、EVB等相关并发症。

1.4 统计学方法

数据分析使用SPSS27.0软件和R 4.2.1软件。计量资料符合正态分布以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验。计量资料不符合正态分布以MP25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法。对可能影响再代偿发生的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析,使用“rms”程序包建立列线图,绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)并计算曲线下面积(AUC),使用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评估模型的拟合度,使用“Calibration Curves”程序包绘制校准曲线对模型进行评价。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

517例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者中有207例发生再代偿,121例(58.4%)患者在第1年内实现了再代偿,第2、3、4、5、6、7年发生再代偿分别为51例(24.6%)、17例(8.2%)、8例(3.83%)、7例(3.32%)、2例(0.9%)、1例(0.4%);其中男性146例,女性61例,男女比例2.39∶1。持续失代偿组患者310例,其中男性236例,女性74例,男女比例3.19∶1。两组之间高血压病史、TIPS史、口服NSBB、门静脉血栓、感染、Child-Pugh分级、基因分型、Hb、PLT、Alb、TG、CHOL、Na、hs-CRP、IL-6、PT、门静脉宽度、门静脉流速差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表1)。

2.2 Cox回归分析

单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,再代偿组TIPS史、基因分型、门静脉血栓、合并感染、Child-Pugh分级、年龄、Hb、PLT、TP、Alb、ALT、TG、CHOL、Cr、Na、IL-6、hs-CRP、门静脉宽度、门静脉流速与持续失代偿组差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。将P<0.05的变量纳入多因素分析,结果显示TIPS史、门静脉血栓、Hb、Alb和门静脉宽度是失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的独立影响因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。

2.3 列线图的构建

以是否发生再代偿(是=1,否=0)为因变量,多因素Cox回归分析筛选出的变量:Hb、Alb、门静脉宽度、门静脉血栓(赋值:是=1,否=0)、TIPS史(赋值:是=1,否=0)为自变量,构建失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的列线图(图1)。

2.4 列线图预测模型的评价

Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示,模型具有较好的拟合度(χ²=3.202,P=0.921)。ROC曲线结果显示,列线图模型具有一定的预测能力,AUC为0.728,敏感度为50.3%,特异度为85.0%(图2)。通过自抽样法进行1 000次内部随机抽样,校准曲线显示,该模型预测失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿发生的预测值与实际值有较好的一致性(图3)。

3 讨论

本研究中517例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者有207例(40.03%)发生再代偿。在其他相关研究中,再代偿的发生率为42.7%~60.4%68-10,均高于本研究,可能是由于再代偿的定义以及入组患者不同所致,本研究入组的患者不仅包括首次失代偿的患者,还包括既往已经失代偿但首次于本院就诊的患者。207例再代偿的患者,大部分患者(121例,58.4%)在第1年即发生再代偿,但仍有少部分患者经过持续的病因及对症治疗,第7年仍发生再代偿。

门静脉高压是肝硬化失代偿期的主要表现之一,由于病理及生理的改变,门静脉回流受阻,使得门静脉压力明显升高,门静脉主干也逐渐增宽。门静脉高压症是肝硬化发展的结果,也是其病程和预后的重要决定因素11。因此,肝脏的再代偿、疾病的稳定与门静脉高压症的改善明显相关12。门静脉血栓形成,门静脉压力可明显升高,可加重或诱发腹水,静脉曲张破裂出血、急性肾损伤、肝肾综合征及死亡风险明显增加13-15,影响患者预后。本研究结果显示,门静脉宽度增加及门静脉血栓形成是失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者出现再代偿的危险因素。TIPS是否能够实现再代偿仍不明确。国内有研究表明,TIPS术后12个月,31%的患者实现再代偿16。TIPS是降低门静脉压力的有效策略,其不仅是治疗肝硬化静脉曲张破裂出血或难治性腹水的有效方法17,还可延缓门静脉血栓形成甚至实现门静脉再通,能有效减少门静脉血栓复发18。国外亦有研究显示,TIPS术后1年,24%的患者实现再代偿,且TIPS术后的再代偿可明显降低肝恶性肿瘤的发生率和病死率19。本研究结果亦显示,行TIPS治疗的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,更容易出现再代偿。因此,对于门静脉明显增宽的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,应警惕二次失代偿事件的发生。失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化的患者应积极防治门静脉血栓形成,无明显禁忌证的情况下,积极行TIPS治疗有利于患者再代偿的发生。

Alb是反映肝脏合成功能的重要指标,多项研究证实,Alb和再代偿的发生密切相关。研究显示,Alb≥32 g/L的患者更易出现再代偿20。一项针对酒精性肝硬化的研究显示,Alb越高,再代偿发生的概率越高21,与本研究结果一致。

贫血可继发于严重的肝病,研究证实慢性肝病发展至后期,2/3的患者伴有贫血,并且肝功能不全及门静脉高压的程度与贫血的严重程密切度相关22。有研究指出,Hb水平的降低幅度可反映慢性肝病的严重程度23。但是贫血的发生也加剧了肝功能的恶化,多项研究表明,贫血的发生,意味着失代偿期肝硬化患者预后不佳,病死率升高2224。本研究结果显示,Hb水平越高的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者越容易出现再代偿。因此,对于失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,应积极预防并治疗贫血,增加再代偿发生的概率,改善患者预后。

综上所述,有TIPS史、Alb及Hb水平高的失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者更容易出现再代偿,合并门静脉血栓及门静脉宽度增加的患者不易出现再代偿,以此建立的预测模型具有较好的区分度与一致性。此外,再代偿的发生与治疗相关,但因本文为回顾性研究,信息收集资料采集依赖电子病历系统,未能对肝硬化的病程进行收集及统计学分析,后续希望有更多前瞻性、多中心的研究,为失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者再代偿的发生提供更充分的证据。

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基金资助

云南省科技计划项目(2017FH001-088)

昆明市卫生健康委员会卫生科研项目(2022-03-08-008)

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