基于CT三维重建技术探讨脾脏体积与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

梁肖 ,  董彩霞 ,  李国栋 ,  尚琪 ,  秦博文 ,  万丹 ,  王茜 ,  李路 ,  陈欣 ,  李宗芳

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1548 -1555.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1548 -1555. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250813
脂肪性肝病

基于CT三维重建技术探讨脾脏体积与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

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Relationship between spleen volume and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction

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摘要

目的 探讨脾脏体积与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)发病风险的相关性,并进一步探究脾脏体积与NAFLD的因果关系。 方法 选取2022年11月—2023年11月在西安交通大学第二附属医院行腹部增强CT检查的个体,包括90例NAFLD患者和47例健康对照者。采用两阶段由粗到细的图像分割方法,通过构建深度学习网络模型,对脾脏进行三维重建。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Pearson相关或Spearman秩相关分析脾脏体积与肝功能指标的相关性。采用多因素Logistic回归分析NAFLD发生的影响因素。此外,进一步采用双样本孟德尔随机化(MR)探讨脾脏体积与NAFLD之间是否存在因果关联,逆方差加权法(IVW)为MR主要研究方法。 结果 NAFLD患者脾脏体积显著大于健康对照者[(272.93±104.16) cm3 vs (204.37±81.20) cm3P<0.001]。Spearman秩相关分析显示,NAFLD患者脾脏体积与肝脂肪变性指数(HIS)(rs =0.422,P<0.001)和GGT(rs =0.211,P=0.047)呈正相关。多因素Logistic回归模型结果显示,脾脏体积是NAFLD发生的独立危险因素(OR=1.01,95% CI:1.00~1.02,P=0.049);IVW结果显示,脾脏体积与NAFLD存在因果关系(OR=1.16,95%CI:1.05~1.28,P=0.005)。 结论 脾脏体积增大可能是NAFLD发生、发展的一个危险因素,具体机制仍需进一步深入研究。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the association of spleen volume with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as their causal relationship. Methods We included 90 NAFLD cases and 47 healthy controls who had received contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from November 2022 to November 2023. We conducted three-dimensional reconstruction of the spleen through a deep learning network model using a two-stage coarse-to-fine segmentation approach. We compared the two groups using the two-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data and using the chi-square test for categorical data; evaluated the correlation between spleen volume and liver function indicators through Pearson correlation or Spearman rank correlation analyses; determined the factors influencing the development of NAFLD through multivariable Logistic regression analysis; and further assessed the casual relationship between spleen volume and NAFLD using the inverse variance-weighted two-sample Mendelian randomization (IVW-MR) method. Results Spleen volume was significantly larger in NAFLD cases than in controls (272.93±104.16 vs 204.37±81.20 cm3P<0.001). The Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that spleen volume was positively correlated with the hepatic steatosis index (rs =0.422, P<0.001) and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels (rs =0.211, P=0.047) in patients with NAFLD. The multivariable Logistic regression analysis indicated that spleen volume was an independent risk factor for the development of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR]=1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 — 1.02, P=0.049). The IVW-MR analysis detected a causal relationship between spleen volume and NAFLD (OR=1.16, 95%CI: 1.05 — 1.28, P=0.005). Conclusion Increased spleen volume may be a risk factor for the development and progression of NAFLD. Further studies are still needed to investigate the specific mechanism.

Graphical abstract

关键词

脾脏体积 / 非酒精性脂肪性肝病 / 成像, 三维 / 孟德尔随机化分析

Key words

Spleen Volume / Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Mendelian Randomization Analysis

引用本文

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梁肖,董彩霞,李国栋,尚琪,秦博文,万丹,王茜,李路,陈欣,李宗芳. 基于CT三维重建技术探讨脾脏体积与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(08): 1548-1555 DOI:10.12449/JCH250813

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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是全球最常见的慢性肝病,根据组织学特点可分为单纯性脂肪变性和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎1。全球成人NAFLD患病率约为30%,儿童为5%~10%1,给个人和社会都造成了重大的经济和医疗负担。男性NAFLD患病率高于女性,女性绝经后患病率有所上升2。既往报道,约20%的NAFLD患者伴有肝脏炎症,进一步可能发展为肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝细胞癌3。此外,NAFLD与抑郁症4、心血管合并症5和糖尿病6等发病风险相关。
脾脏体积受遗传因素影响,遗传率约为45%7。脾脏体积增大常见于慢性淋巴细胞白血病7、脓毒症8和原发性硬化性胆管炎9。近年来,“肝-脾”轴相关研究表明,脾脏参与了慢性肝病的发生、发展10-12。“脑-脾”神经轴相关研究表明,脾神经可通过与室旁核和中央杏仁核连接,调控免疫应答13
孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)研究基于等位基因在配子形成时遵循的随机分配原则,利用全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study,GWAS)汇总数据,将遗传变异作为工具变量,评估暴露因素与结局变量之间的因果关系,有效避免了传统流行病学研究中混杂偏移和反向因果问题14。MR研究已被广泛应用于多种复杂疾病的病因探索,如肠道菌群与精神失常15、肠道菌群与癌症16、亚油酸与糖尿病17。然而,目前仍没有MR研究对脾脏体积与NAFLD之间是否存在因果关联进行探索。
本研究首先通过横断面分析NAFLD患者和健康人群的临床特征,探讨脾脏体积与NAFLD的相关性;考虑到横断面研究无法论证脾脏与NALFD之间的因果关系,进一步采用MR分析脾脏体积与NAFLD之间是否存在因果关联,旨在为NAFLD的预防和治疗提供理论依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析2022年11月—2023年11月在西安交通大学第二附属医院行腹部增强CT检查的NAFLD患者临床资料,共计170例。NAFLD的诊断符合中华医学会《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版)》的标准18,纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)无过量饮酒史。排除标准:(1)肝功能失代偿期(n=15);(2)合并其他感染性疾病(n=41);(3)合并免疫系统疾病(n=3);(4)合并恶性肿瘤(n=8);(5)合并2型糖尿病(n=7);(6)合并血液病(n=2);(7)合并乙型/丙型肝炎(n=2);(8)合并自身免疫性肝炎(n=1);(9)临床资料信息不全(n=1)。最终共纳入NAFLD患者90例,男性59例,女性31例。此外,纳入在本院同期行腹部增强CT检查的58例健康对照者,排除感染性疾病(n=8)、肝功能失代偿期(n=2)和2型糖尿病(n=1),最终纳入47例健康对照者,男性26例,女性21例。

1.2 脾脏三维重建

将医学数字成像和通信图像导入Mimics 21.0软件,手工标注脾脏轮廓。随后,采用两阶段由粗到细的图像分割方法分割脾脏区域。第一步,将经预处理和手工标记脾脏区域的CT图像输入3D U-Net19,训练脾脏粗分割模型,提取脾脏感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI);第二步,将脾脏ROI图像再次输入3D U-Net19,细分割脾脏轮廓;通过上述两阶段过程实现对脾脏区域的精准分割,建立脾脏三维模型,实现对脾脏体积的精准测量(图1),本研究脾脏分割模型的Dice系数为0.966。

1.3 资料收集

收集患者的一般资料、临床特征及实验室检查等资料,包括肾小球滤过率估算值(eGFR)、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、总蛋白(TP)、Alb、球蛋白(Glb)、白球比值(A/G)、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C。根据2023年发布的《中国血脂管理指南》20,满足以下任意一条即被诊断为血脂异常:(1)TG≥1.7 mmol/L;(2)LDL-C≥3.4 mmol/L;(3)TC≥5.2 mmol/L;(4)HDL-C<1.0 mmol/L。采用肝脂肪变性指数(hepatic steatosis index,HSI)评估NAFLD患者肝脂肪变性严重程度,计算公式如下:HSI=8×(ALT/AST)+ BMI(女性+2,糖尿病+2)21

1.4 GWAS汇总数据来源

脾脏体积GWAS汇总数据下载自英国生物样本库影像数据集7,该数据集包括38 881例英国白人,其中男性18 741例,女性20 140例;结局变量NAFLD的GWAS汇总数据下载自一项大型荟萃分析22,该研究包括778 614例欧洲血统参与者,其中NAFLD患者8 434例,对照770 180例;参与者主要来自4个队列,包括英国生物样本库、电子病历与基因组学库、Estonian生物样本库和FinnGen数据库,单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)共计6 797 908个22

1.5 工具变量的选择

从GWAS汇总数据中选取与脾脏体积强相关的SNP,纳入标准为P<5×10-6。为去除连锁不平衡的影响,r2的阈值为0.001,遗传距离在10 000 kb以内。F统计量代表工具变量SNP与暴露因素的关联强度,计算公式如下:F=β2/SE2β为等位基因效应值,SE为标准误),F<10的弱工具变量SNP被剔除。为进一步排除混杂SNP对结果的影响,采用PhenoScanner数据库对纳入分析的SNP逐一进行查询、筛选,排除与结局变量、肥胖和脂蛋白等表型相关的SNP,本研究最终纳入53个与脾脏体积强相关的SNP为工具变量。

1.6 统计学方法

基于SPSS 26.0软件和R 4.2.0软件中“TwoSampleMR”和“Tidyverse”等R包进行数据分析。缺失值大于20%的变量被排除,采用多重插补方法对有缺失值的变量进行填补。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布计量资料以M(P25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Pearson或Spearman秩相关分析脾脏体积与肝功能指标的相关性;将单因素Logistic分析中P<0.05的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归,探讨NAFLD发生的影响因素。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

本研究采用5种MR方法评估脾脏体积对NAFLD的遗传效应,包括逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted,IVW)、加权中位数法、MR-Egger法、简单模式和加权模式,以IVW结果为准。采用以下3种方法行敏感性分析:(1)采用Cochran’s Q法检测工具变量SNP之间是否存在异质性,P>0.05时,提示无异质性;(2)计算MR-Egger回归截距项,检测工具变量之间的水平多效性,如果截距与0差异很小,P>0.05,提示无水平多效性;(3)采用留一法分析去除单个SNP后对总体估计值的影响,评估SNP是否为离群值。

2 结果

2.1 两组临床特征比较

NAFLD组脾脏体积显著大于健康对照组(t=-3.929,P<0.001);NAFLD组BMI、HSI、血脂异常比例、ALT、AST、GGT、Alb和A/G均显著高于健康对照组(P值均<0.05);年龄则显著低于健康对照组(P=0.001)(表1)。

2.2 脾脏体积与肝功能指标的相关性分析

经Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关分析得出,NAFLD组脾脏体积与HSI(rs =0.422,P<0.001)和GGT(rs =0.211,P=0.047)显著正相关;总人群脾脏体积与HSI(r=0.338,P=0.001)、ALT(rs =0.206,P=0.016)和GGT(rs =0.226,P=0.008)显著正相关(表2)。

2.3 多因素Logistic回归分析

单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,脾脏体积、BMI、HSI、ALT、AST、Alb、A/G和血脂异常是NAFLD的危险因素(P值均<0.05)。将上述有统计学差异的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归,结果显示,脾脏体积(OR=1.01,95%CI: 1.01~1.02,P=0.049)、HSI(OR=1.59,95%CI: 1.05~2.40,P=0.028)和血脂异常(OR=3.98,95%CI: 1.34~11.86,P=0.013)是NAFLD发生的独立危险因素(表3)。

2.4 MR分析结果

IVW分析表明,脾脏体积与NAFLD发病风险呈显著正相关,如散点图所示,随着脾脏体积增大,NAFLD发病风险升高(OR=1.16,95%CI: 1.05~1.28,P=0.005),其余四种MR方法与IVW结果效应值方向一致(图2表4);如森林图所示,IVW合并效应表明,脾脏体积增大会导致NAFLD发病风险显著升高(图3)。

2.5 MR敏感性分析

Cochran’s Q异质性检验结果显示,Egger法Q值为48.68,P=0.566,IVW法Q值为48.70,P=0.604,提示不存在异质性;MR-Egger回归截距接近0(Egger intercept=9.53×10-4),P=0.889,提示不存在水平多效性,说明脾脏体积并不显著通过暴露以外的途径影响NAFLD;留一法分析显示,去除任何一个与脾脏体积相关的SNP,均不会影响整体结果,表明结果稳健性较高(图4)。

3 讨论

既往研究报道NAFLD发生时患者脾脏体积增大23-25,然而,这些研究采用脾长径或最大横截面评估脾脏大小,准确性不佳。本研究基于增强CT图像,通过深度学习网络模型对脾脏三维重建,可更为直观、立体、精准的测量脾脏体积。本研究发现NAFLD患者脾脏体积增大,脾脏体积与NAFLD呈正相关,且二者之间有因果关系。

脾脏是骨髓外单核巨噬细胞的重要储存库,脾脏可能通过影响肝脏免疫微环境参与NAFLD的发生和进展26。笔者团队在既往的研究中发现,脾源性CD11b+CD43hiLy6Clo单核细胞亚群可被招募至纤维化肝脏,转变为促炎巨噬细胞表型,上调MERTK、F4/80和CD64的表达,进一步加剧肝纤维化进展,NAFLD小鼠肝脏中脾源性CD11b+CD43hiLy6Clo单核细胞亚群也相应升高,提示该细胞群也可能参与了NAFLD的发生、发展12。辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)17/调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg)比例失衡参与了NAFLD的发生、发展27。高脂饮食小鼠脾脏Th17细胞比例显著增加,Treg细胞呈下降趋势28。脾长径与IL-6呈正相关29,高脂饮食小鼠脾脏组织中促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β均显著升高30,这些细胞炎性因子会在NAFLD初期加重炎性细胞的激活与浸润,引发肝脏炎症31。此外,脾脏可能通过调控糖脂代谢等途径影响NAFLD的进展。Leite等32发现,谷氨酸钠诱导肥胖大鼠行脾切除后,胰岛素分泌减少、敏感性提高,可改善胰岛素抵抗。NAFLD患者脾脏葡萄糖摄取量增加,男性NAFLD患者脾长径与肝、脾葡萄糖摄取量呈正相关33。NAFLD大鼠行脾切除术后,肝脏PTEN表达降低,PI3K/Akt通路激活,肝细胞脂质蓄积增加34。另外,有研究者发现肝纤维化大鼠行脾切除后,肝组织PTEN表达升高,α-SMA表达降低,抑制肝纤维化发展35。脾脏是铁离子代谢的关键靶器官,积铁的脾细胞可产生活性氧和TNF-α,通过门静脉血流进入肝脏,促进非酒精性脂肪性肝炎进展36。基于以上研究结果,本研究推测脾脏可能通过调控免疫和代谢途径影响NAFLD的进展。

Lee等21研究提出,HSI>36时,患者可被诊断为NAFLD,该指数灵敏度为92.4%。既往研究报道HSI与NAFLD分级显著相关21,本研究发现脾脏体积与HSI间有正向关联,提示脾脏体积可能与NAFLD分级相关。然而,另一项研究表明脾肿大(脾长径>13 cm)与NAFLD分级无关37。关于脾脏体积与NAFLD分级的相关性,仍需进一步深入研究。

本研究发现血脂异常是NAFLD的独立危险因素,这与Hamabe等38的研究结果一致。一项MR研究发现,TG水平升高会使NAFLD发病风险增加45.5%39。此外,本研究还发现NAFLD患者的ALT、AST和GGT水平升高,与既往研究结果一致40-43。Cigri等41发现,ALT可预测NAFLD的发病风险。既往研究报道,低水平Alb与NAFLD发病风险相关44。然而,韩国一项关于素食NAFLD的研究中,发现NAFLD患者Alb水平高于健康人45。此外,在2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者46和肥胖儿童NAFLD患者47中也发现,NAFLD患者Alb水平较健康对照升高,这与本研究结果一致;健康人群血清Alb水平会随着年龄增长出现生理性下降趋势48,本研究NAFLD组和健康对照组的Alb水平均处于正常范围内,且两组差异较小,这可能与纳入对照组的年龄偏大有关。

本研究存在以下局限性,第一,采用增强CT检查用于NAFLD诊断,准确性不如肝活检,对NAFLD的诊断可能存在误差,未来需结合肝活检或其他更准确的诊断方法对本研究结果进行验证;第二,对照组样本量较少,样本代表性可能不足,影响研究结果的稳健性和外推性,未来仍需在大样本、多中心前瞻性队列研究中验证本研究结果;第三,本研究MR分析中的研究对象均为欧洲血统人群,虽然本研究横断面研究结果与MR分析结果基本一致,考虑到种族特征差异,未来仍需在我国人群中进一步验证脾脏体积对NAFLD发病风险的因果影响。

综上所述,本研究基于深度学习模型对脾脏三维重建,结合横断面研究与MR分析,发现脾脏体积与NAFLD之间存在因果关系。NAFLD发病机制复杂,脾脏可能通过调节免疫和代谢参与NAFLD的发生、发展,这为NAFLD的治疗和预防提供了新的思路,未来仍需开展基础研究进一步明确脾脏对NAFLD发病的潜在作用机制。

伦理学声明: 本研究方案于2022年6月7日经由西安交通大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会审批,批号:2022137。

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