晚期肝细胞癌局部治疗联合系统治疗后持续5年完全缓解患者的临床特征及影响因素分析

印于 ,  史逸恺 ,  杨俊 ,  李智 ,  朱晓黎 ,  倪才方

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1589 -1596.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1589 -1596. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250818
肝脏肿瘤

晚期肝细胞癌局部治疗联合系统治疗后持续5年完全缓解患者的临床特征及影响因素分析

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Clinical features and influencing factors of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma achieving five-year sustained complete remission after local treatment combined with systemic therapy

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摘要

目的 分析中国肝癌分期(CNLC)Ⅲ期肝细胞癌(HCC)患者接受局部治疗联合系统治疗后持续5年完全缓解(CR)的临床特征及影响因素,为晚期HCC治疗策略优化提供参考。 方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2019年12月在苏州大学附属第一医院介入科接受治疗并持续5年CR的6例CNLCⅢ期HCC患者的临床资料,分析其基线特征、治疗方式及随访数据并进行文献复习。 结果 6例患者平均年龄(58.3±10.1)岁,5例为Ⅲa期,1例为Ⅲb期,均合并肝炎病史,6例患者术前终末期肝病模型评分为(8.2±0.8)分,5例患者术前肝功能Child-Pugh A级,1例为Child-Pugh B级。所有患者接受经导管动脉化疗栓塞术,术后序贯靶向药物治疗,其中索拉非尼4例,仑伐替尼2例。4例合并门静脉主干癌栓的患者联合125I粒子植入,1例单结节型联合射频消融术,3例联合免疫治疗,均为卡瑞利珠单抗。AFP水平复常的中位时间为6个月,治疗至CR的中位时间为5.5个月,中位随访时间为63个月。 结论 良好的肝功能基础、AFP水平早期快速下降、局部治疗与系统治疗的联合模式是晚期HCC患者获得长期CR的关键因素,未来需通过多中心、大样本研究进一步探索其预后影响因素和优化治疗方案。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with China Liver Cancer Staging (CNLC) stage Ⅲ hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) achieving five-year sustained complete remission (CR) after local treatment combined with systemic therapy, as well as potential contributing factors, and to provide a reference for optimizing the treatment of advanced HCC. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of six patients with CNLC stage Ⅲ HCC who were treated in Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, from January 2016 to December 2019 and achieved five-year sustained CR. Baseline characteristics, treatment modalities, and follow-up data were summarized, and a literature review was performed. Results The six patients had a mean age of 58.3±10.1 years, among whom five had stage Ⅲa HCC and one had stage Ⅲb HCC, and all patients had a history of hepatitis. The mean preoperative MELD score was 8.2±0.8 for the six patients, and there were five patients with Child-Pugh class A liver function and one with Child-Pugh class B liver function. All patients underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, followed by sequential targeted drug therapy after surgery, with sorafenib for four patients and lenvatinib for two patients. Four patients with main portal vein tumor thrombus also received 125I seed implantation, one patient with the single-nodule type underwent radiofrequency ablation, and three patients received immunotherapy with camrelizumab. The median time to AFP normalization was 6 months, the median time from treatment to CR was 5.5 months, and the median follow-up time was 63 months. Conclusion Good liver function at baseline, an early and rapid reduction in AFP, and the combination of local treatment and systemic therapy are key factors for achieving long-term CR in patients with advanced HCC. Multi-center large-scale studies are needed in the future to further explore prognostic factors and optimize treatment regimens.

Graphical abstract

关键词

癌, 肝细胞 / 局部治疗 / 系统治疗 / 预后

Key words

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Local Therapy / Systemic Therapy / Prognosis

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印于,史逸恺,杨俊,李智,朱晓黎,倪才方. 晚期肝细胞癌局部治疗联合系统治疗后持续5年完全缓解患者的临床特征及影响因素分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(08): 1589-1596 DOI:10.12449/JCH250818

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国家癌症中心2024年统计数据显示,我国肝细胞癌(HCC)整体5年生存率仅14.1%,较既往12.1%略有改善,但仍显著低于乳腺癌、肺癌1。主要原因在于我国大多数HCC患者初诊时已处于晚期,失去根治性治疗机会2。如何提高晚期HCC患者的疗效,延长生存时间,一直是备受关注的热点和难点3。近年来,随着系统治疗药物的进展,晚期HCC的预后已得到极大改善,但获得长期完全缓解(complete response,CR)仍然罕见。本研究收集晚期HCC患者行局部治疗联合系统治疗后获得持续5年CR的病例资料,并结合相关文献,分析这类患者获得CR的可能影响因素,为改善晚期HCC患者的预后提供临床参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

收集2016年1月—2019年12月在苏州大学附属第一医院介入科治疗后取得持续5年CR的6例中国肝癌分期(CNCL)Ⅲ期HCC患者的临床资料。纳入标准:(1)根据《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)》确诊为原发性肝癌(CNLC Ⅲ期)4。(2)既往未接受过任何抗肿瘤治疗;(3)肝功能分级为Child-Pugh A/B级;(4)美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)评分≤1分;(5)持续5年疗效评价为CR。排除标准:(1)存在严重的肝、肾、凝血功能障碍;(2)ECOG评分≥2分;(3)资料不全或缺乏随访数据;(4)合并其他肿瘤病史。

1.2 疗效评价与随访

疗效评价采用改良实体瘤评价标准(mRECIST标准)5,CR定义为靶病灶与非靶病灶均达到CR标准,无新发病灶出现,且甲胎蛋白(AFP)降至正常范围。其中靶病灶的CR定义为所有肝内靶病灶动脉期强化消失,所有非典型肝内靶病灶及肝外靶病灶消失(淋巴结转移灶消退至正常大小);非靶病灶的CR定义为肝内非靶病灶动脉期强化消失,所有非典型肝内非靶病灶及肝外非靶病灶消失(淋巴结转移灶消退至正常大小)。随访按照以下频率在门诊或住院进行,治疗后前6个月:每1~3个月随访1次;治疗后6个月至2年:每3~6个月随访1次;治疗2年以上:每6~12个月随访1次。随访以下内容:增强CT或MRI;肿瘤标志物:AFP和异常凝血酶原(des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin,DCP);实验室检查:肝功能、肾功能及常规血液学指标;不良反应评估:记录治疗相关的所有不良事件。随访截至2024年12月31日。

1.3 文献检索策略

以“晚期肝癌、完全缓解、病例报道、advanced hepatocellular carcinoma、complete response、cure、case”等为关键词,在中国知网、万方医学、维普及PubMed等数据库中,对晚期HCC患者治疗后获得CR的病例报道进行检索。文献检索的日期设定为2019年1月1日—2024年12月31日。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

6例患者年龄42~72岁,平均(58.3±10.1)岁,其中男5例,女1例。6例患者中Ⅲa期5例,Ⅲb期1例。6例患者均合并肝炎病史,其中乙型肝炎5例,丙型肝炎1例。所有患者均无肝切除手术史。治疗前,6例患者的AST水平为(42.0±17.6)U/L,ALT水平为(29.6±10.5)U/L;5例患者为Child-Pugh A级,1例为Child-Pugh B级;终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分均提示轻度肝病,平均(8.2±0.8)分;肝内肿瘤最大径平均为(7.6±4.7)cm。按照Eggel大体病理分型,3例为弥漫型,2例为多结节型,1例为单结节型。具体临床资料见表1

2.2 治疗方法

2.2.1 TACE

6例患者均行TACE,平均2.3次(1~5次)。TACE为传统的碘油TACE,具体操作步骤如下:局麻后经右侧股动脉入路置入动脉导管鞘,将4F RH导管选择至肝动脉后行数字减影血管造影明确肿瘤供血动脉,然后使用微导管超选择至肿瘤供血动脉,确定超选择插管到位后行化疗栓塞,将超液化碘化油10 mL与吡柔比星10 mg混合为乳剂,在DSA透视下缓慢栓塞,至病灶碘油沉积满意后,追加栓塞350~560 μm的明胶海绵颗粒至供血动脉闭塞。

2.2.2 RFA

1例单结节型患者联合RFA,RFA采用Cool-tip™射频消融系统,在TACE后第3天进行,首先CT扫描定位确定进针路线,然后在CT引导下将16G射频针经皮经肝穿刺入肿瘤病灶,针尖到达肿瘤边缘后开始RFA,共消融12 min,最后烧灼针道后退出射频针。

2.2.3 I<sup>125</sup>粒子植入

4例合并门静脉主干癌栓的患者同步或序贯联合I125粒子植入,具体操作步骤如下:术前使用放射性粒子植入治疗计划系统计划所需植入粒子(活度为0.6~0.8 mCi)的数目、位置及路径。在超声或CT引导下,按照预先设计的路径经皮经肝将18G穿刺针置入门静脉癌栓内,使用粒子专用植入枪进行粒子植入,粒子间距0.5~1.0 cm,根据术前规划放置粒子,最后用明胶海绵颗粒封堵肝内穿刺道。

2.2.4 系统治疗

6例患者均使用靶向药物治疗(索拉非尼4例,仑伐替尼2例),索拉非尼用量为0.4 g,口服,每天2次,仑伐替尼用量按照患者体质量(≥60 kg:12 mg,<60 kg:8 mg),口服,每天1次。3例患者同时联合卡瑞利珠单抗免疫治疗,用药方案为200 mg,每3周1次,平均6.7(3~11)个疗程。具体治疗过程见图1

2.3 治疗前后比较

患者开始治疗至获得CR的中位时间为5.5(2~9)个月。5例患者治疗前的AFP水平升高,治疗后均逐渐降低至正常范围,AFP水平复常的中位时间为6(2~8)个月。4例患者治疗前的DCP水平升高,治疗后3例降低至正常范围,另外1例降至接近正常。4例治疗前存在门静脉主干完全堵塞或严重狭窄的患者在治疗后均获得复通,伴有肝动脉-门静脉瘘的2例患者在治疗后肝动脉-门静脉瘘消失。具体情况见表2

2.4 随访情况与不良反应

6例患者的中位随访时间为63(60~96)个月。1例患者于CR后61个月因消化道出血死亡,1例于64个月后因肝衰竭死亡,1例于66个月后因肿瘤复发广泛转移死亡,1例于66个月后因肿瘤复发行TACE联合经皮无水乙醇注射,继续随访至今未再复发,其余2例患者一般情况良好,肿瘤无复发转移,仍在随访中,随访期间无其他并发症发生。不良反应方面:1例口服索拉非尼的患者出现Ⅲ级手足综合征,经对症治疗后可耐受治疗,1例患者在行第11次免疫治疗后出现免疫性垂体炎,经治疗后好转并永久停药,其余患者治疗期间无严重不良反应发生。典型病例见图2

2.5 文献复习结果

根据设定的文献检索策略,检索到近5年发表的晚期HCC患者治疗后获得CR的病例报道21篇,排除3篇未提及肿瘤指标的报道后共纳入18篇6-23,总计18例患者,平均(63.7±11.0)岁,14例(77.8%)存在血管侵犯,9例(50.0%)存在肝外转移,5例(27.8%)同时合并血管侵犯和肝外转移。16例(88.9%)治疗前肝功能为Child-Pugh A级,2例(11.1%)为B级。13例(72.2%)行局部治疗联合系统治疗,剩余5例(27.8%)仅行系统药物治疗。AFP正常化的中位时间为5(1.5~21)个月。开始治疗至获得CR的中位时间为8(3~23)个月。文献调研结果见表3

3 讨论

近年来,晚期HCC的一线治疗领域取得了重大突破,但要落实并达成《“健康中国 2030”规划纲要》中,将总体癌症5年生存率提高15%的目标,仍然任重而道远24。研究显示,经治疗后获得CR的晚期HCC患者大多可获得长期缓解及较长的生存期25。因此,CR患者的临床特征及其影响因素具有重要的研究价值,比如经索拉非尼治疗后获得CR的HCC患者多见早期的皮肤不良反应26,RFA治疗早期HCC后的CR率与肿瘤直径相关27,TACE后长期CR与AFP 、肿瘤直径、靶病灶数量、病灶部位密切相关28。然而,晚期HCC的CR率几乎均在5%以内,获得长期CR的晚期HCC患者数量则更加稀少。因此,目前尚无大样本对照研究分析这类患者的临床特征及预后影响因素。本研究通过分析6例晚期HCC获得CR的患者临床资料,初步发现,较好的肝功能基础、AFP早期快速下降、局部治疗与系统治疗的联合治疗方式是这类患者获得CR的共同特征,并可能是促成因素。

严重的肝硬化或肿瘤负荷较重导致不少患者治疗前肝功能差,不能完全按照预计的方案治疗,因此预后不理想,具体表现为不能承受治疗带来的副作用,不能耐受手术或介入治疗,或药物治疗时因肝损伤而减量甚至停药。肝功能较好的患者往往肝脏代偿能力较强,能承受治疗带来的副反应,有机会从后续治疗中获益29。本研究6例CR患者均无肝切除手术史,所有患者治疗前的MELD评分均提示轻度肝病(<10分),5例患者(83.3%)治疗前Child-Pugh分级为A级,虽然5例患者合并门静脉癌栓,但治疗期间未出现严重的门静脉高压并发症。本研究提示,较好的基础肝功能可以为患者带来更好的治疗耐受性,使患者有条件按照预计的方案和系统治疗药物剂量进行治疗,为获得CR提供重要的支撑条件。

本研究6例患者,从首次治疗到发生CR的中位时间为5.5个月,AFP水平降至正常的中位时间为6个月,这提示超预期效果的CR发生是一个急速过程。有研究探讨了全身治疗后肿瘤标志物趋势与抗肿瘤反应和预后的关系,结果表明早期AFP水平降低与良好的预后相关,CR组与非CR组相比早期AFP水平降低更显著30。但与AFP不同,多项研究表明,在系统治疗过程中,无论抗肿瘤效果如何,部分缓解和病情稳定的患者都可能出现DCP水平升高。这种现象可能与抗血管生成治疗导致的肿瘤缺氧环境有关,缺氧可能刺激肿瘤细胞产生更多DCP。因此,DCP水平的变化目前尚不能作为系统治疗患者早期抗肿瘤疗效或预后的可靠预测指标31。由于本研究样本量有限,未能对AFP与DCP预测CR的价值进行深入分析。然而,结合本研究数据及文献回顾结果,AFP的早期显著下降可能成为预测局部治疗联合系统治疗后达到CR的一个潜在生物标志物。

由于肝癌的复杂性和异质性,单一治疗往往难以达到理想的效果,当前晚期HCC的治疗正在向多模式联合治疗发展,其中介入治疗与系统治疗的联合应用是近年来的研究热点和临床实践趋势32-33。TACTICS、LAUNCH等临床研究表明,应用TACE联合靶向药物治疗HCC患者的无进展生存期与总生存期优于单一治疗。本研究6例患者均接受了TACE治疗,术后序贯靶向药物治疗,说明TACE与靶向药物的联合治疗模式为患者获得CR奠定了基础。近期一项回顾性研究表明,经TACE及索拉非尼治疗的HCC伴门静脉主干癌栓患者,同时联合125I粒子植入能获得更好的疾病控制率,提高远期疗效34。《中国肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓诊疗指南(2021年版)》也指出,TACE联合125I粒子植入治疗不可切除的门静脉癌栓疗效优于单独TACE及TACE联合靶向药物治疗,并可以显著增加门静脉再通率35。本研究4例门静脉主干癌栓的患者行同期或序贯粒子植入,术后门静脉再通率均得到改善,提示该治疗方式对门静脉癌栓的控制具有重要作用。CHANCE2201和EMERALD-1证实TACE联合靶向药物及免疫治疗晚期HCC具有协同抗肿瘤作用,相比单纯TACE或单纯系统治疗,可明显延长患者的无进展生存期或总生存期36-37。本研究中有3例患者联合使用免疫治疗,且从开始治疗至获得CR的时间相对较短,提示局部治疗联合靶向药物及免疫治疗这种三联方案可能对晚期HCC患者具有更强的抗肿瘤作用。

此外,本研究通过回顾近5年文献报道的18例获得CR的晚期HCC病例,总结其临床特征,并与本研究结果进行比较分析。这些患者中16例(88.9%)治疗前为肝功能Child-Pugh A级,13例(72.2%)行局部治疗联合系统治疗。AFP水平复常的中位时间为5(1.5~21)个月。开始治疗至获得CR的中位时间为8(3~23)个月。通过对这些病例的分析发现,治疗前肝功能良好、AFP水平早期显著下降以及采用联合治疗模式是这些获得CR患者的共同临床特征,这一发现与本研究的观察结果基本一致。值得注意的是,近2年发表的HCC获得CR的病例报道明显增多,这些病例大多采用多模式协同治疗方案,系统治疗的进步在晚期HCC长期疗效方面正逐步显现。当然,联合治疗的长期疗效仍需更大样本量和更长时间的随访观察来进一步验证。

综上所述,本研究首次报道了晚期HCC患者获得长期CR的临床特征,并初步分析了可能的预后影响因素。结果显示,良好的肝功能基础、AFP水平早期快速下降以及局部联合系统治疗模式可能是晚期HCC获得CR的关键因素。本研究仅纳入6例病例,其结论尚需通过大规模多中心对照研究加以验证,以更全面地阐明长期CR患者的临床特征及预后因素,为晚期HCC的个体化治疗提供循证依据。

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国家自然科学基金(82272094)

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