G-GADA模型在HBV相关肝细胞癌诊断中的应用价值

韦亚妹 ,  姚明解 ,  鲁凤民 ,  武浩 ,  柳丽娟 ,  张眉

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1597 -1605.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (08) : 1597 -1605. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250819
肝脏肿瘤

G-GADA模型在HBV相关肝细胞癌诊断中的应用价值

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The application value of G-GADA model in the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

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摘要

目的 基于慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者年龄、性别、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、异常凝血酶原(DCP)和高尔基体蛋白73(GP73),构建优化的肝细胞癌(HCC)诊断模型(G-GADA),以应对HBV相关HCC早期诊断的低敏感度和特异度问题,并评估其对HCC的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性收集2015年6月—2020年6月福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院的CHB患者201例(CHB组)、HBV相关肝硬化患者137例(LC组)及未经治疗的初诊HCC患者111例(HCC组)。比较血清学指标(AFP、DCP、AFP-L3%、GP73)在不同组间的差异,分析其与HCC患者临床和肿瘤特征的关系,并利用Spearman相关分析法评估各指标之间的相关性。通过Logistic回归建立肝癌诊断模型,采用受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价各指标对肝癌的诊断效能。 结果 比较CHB、LC和HCC患者的临床特征,结果显示,HCC患者年龄更大,男性比例更高,血清DCP、AFP、GP73和AFP-L3%水平最高,差异均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。在HCC患者中,DCP水平与肿瘤大小及微血管浸润有关;AFP水平与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数量、远处转移及微血管浸润有关;AFP-L3%水平与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数量、远处转移、米兰分期及微血管浸润有关;GP73水平与肿瘤数量、远处转移及微血管浸润有关(P值均<0.05)。患者血清学指标相关性分析显示,AFP与AFP-L3%呈强正相关(r=0.71,P<0.05)、AFP与GP73(r=0.33,P<0.05)、AFP-L3%与GP73(r=0.41,P<0.05)呈中等相关。以患者年龄、性别、DCP、AFP和GP73水平为特征,基于多变量Logistic回归构建HCC诊断模型“G-GADA”,在总患者中,G-GADA模型在建模组和验证组诊断HCC的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.915(95%CI:0.875~0.945)和0.913(95%CI:0.862~0.950);在AFP低表达患者中,G-GADA模型在建模组和验证组诊断HCC的AUC分别为0.884(95%CI:0.833~0.924)和0.851(95%CI:0.779~0.907);在肝硬化患者中,G-GADA模型在建模组和验证组诊断HCC的AUC分别为0.901(95%CI:0.841~0.944)和0.885(95%CI:0.806~0.940)。 结论 基于多变量联合构建的G-GADA诊断模型可显著提高肝癌的检出率,在AFP低表达患者、肝硬化患者中均表现出较好的诊断效能,G-GADA模型在HCC的无创诊断中有更好的临床应用价值。

Abstract

Objective To establish an optimized diagnostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), designated as G-GADA, in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients based on the parameters of age, sex, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), and Golgi protein 73 (GP73), to address the problems of low sensitivity and specificity in the early diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cancer, and to assess the value of this model in the diagnosis of HCC. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 201 CHB patients (CHB group), 137 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC group), and 111 treatment-naïve patients with newly diagnosed HCC (HCC group) who were admitted to Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University from June 2015 to June 2020. Serological markers (AFP, DCP, alpha-fetoprotein L3% [AFP-L3%], and GP73) were compared between groups and were analyzed in terms of their differences from the clinical and tumor characteristics of HCC patients, and the Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between different markers. A Logistic regression analysis was used to establish a diagnostic model for liver cancer, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic performance of each marker. Results Comparison of clinical features between CHB, LC, and HCC patients showed that HCC patients had significantly higher age, proportion of male patients, and serum levels of DCP, AFP, GP73, and AFP-L3% (all P<0.05). In HCC patients, DCP levels are associated with tumor size and microvascular invasion; AFP levels are related to patient age, tumor size, tumor number, distant metastasis, and microvascular invasion; AFP-L3% levels are associated with patient age, tumor size, tumor number, distant metastasis, Milan staging, and microvascular invasion; GP73 levels are linked to tumor number, distant metastasis, and microvascular invasion(all P<0.05). The correlation analysis of the serum markers showed a strong positive correlation between AFP and AFP-L3% (r=0.71,P<0.05) and a moderate positive correlation between AFP and GP73 (r=0.33,P<0.05) and between AFP-L3% and GP73 (r=0.41,P<0.05). Based on the features of age, sex, DCP, AFP, and GP73, the multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to establish a G-GADA diagnostic model for HCC, and for all patients, the G-GADA model had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.915 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.875‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.945) in the derivation cohort and 0.913 (95%CI:0.862‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.950) in the validation cohort for the diagnosis of HCC. In the AFP-negative patients, the G-GADA model achieved an AUC of 0.884 (95%CI:0.833‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.924) in the derivation cohort and 0.851 (95%CI:0.779‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.907) in the validation cohort, and in the patients with liver cirrhosis, the G-GADA model achieved an AUC of 0.901 (95%CI:0.841‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.944) in the derivation cohort and 0.885 (95%CI:0.806‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.940) in the validation cohort. Conclusion The G-GADA diagnostic model based on multiple variables significantly improves the detection rate of HCC, and demonstrates superior diagnostic performance in patients with low AFP expression and those with liver cirrhosis. The G-GADA model has a better clinical application value in the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC.

Graphical abstract

关键词

乙型肝炎, 慢性 / 癌, 肝细胞 / 甲胎蛋白类 / 高尔基体基质蛋白质类 / 异常凝血酶原

Key words

Hepatitis B, Chronic / Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / alpha-Fetoproteins / Golgi Matrix Proteins / Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin

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韦亚妹,姚明解,鲁凤民,武浩,柳丽娟,张眉. G-GADA模型在HBV相关肝细胞癌诊断中的应用价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(08): 1597-1605 DOI:10.12449/JCH250819

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肝细胞癌(HCC)是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。据《2022年全球癌症统计报告》显示,每年新发HCC约86.6万例,死亡约75.9万例1-2。在中国,HCC负担尤为严峻,约80%与慢性HBV/HCV感染相关3。由于早期症状不明显,逾半数患者确诊时已为晚期4。因此,筛选高效肿瘤标志物、提高早期诊断准确性对改善预后意义重大。甲胎蛋白(AFP)、其异构体AFP-L3%(即AFP-L3/AFP)、异常凝血酶原(des-γ-carboxy prothrombin,DCP)等已广泛应用于临床5。近年来研究显示,新兴标志物高尔基体糖蛋白-73(Golgi protein 73,GP73)在HCC中表达升高,且与肿瘤大小、侵袭性及分化程度密切相关,其分泌形式可在血清中检测6,成为有潜力的辅助诊断指标。尽管超声、MRI和肝活检提升了诊断准确率,但受限于成本高、侵入性强及早期检出能力不足等问题7,难以普及。因此,经济、微创且依从性高的血清标志物在HCC早诊中发挥重要作用8-9。多项研究表明,多指标联合可显著提高诊断效能。目前,英国学者提出的GALAD模型(包含性别、年龄、AFP、AFP-L3%、DCP)在多国人群中验证有效10,国内亦开发出更适用于中国人群的C-GALAD评分系统,虽诊断价值提升,但在灵敏度与特异度方面仍存在不足11。同时,GALAD模型未纳入GP73等新兴标志物,可能限制其应用广度。因此,本研究在GALAD模型基础上引入GP73,构建HCC多指标联合诊断模型,评估其诊断性能,以期为HCC早期筛查提供新策略和临床支持。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2015年6月—2020年6月于福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院就诊的449例患者,包括慢性乙型肝炎201例(CHB组),HBV相关肝硬化137例(LC组)及未经治疗的初诊HCC患者111例(HCC组)。HCC患者均符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2017年版)》12和《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)》13的诊断标准,诊断依据为组织病理学或影像学结果。早期HCC定义为单一肿瘤≤5 cm或多个肿瘤总直径≤3 cm,晚期HCC为超过米兰标准者14。肝硬化和慢性肝炎的诊断依据《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年、2022年版)》15-16。111例HCC患者中,早期65例,中晚期46例;伴远处转移24例,无转移66例;伴微血管侵犯38例,无侵犯65例。

1.2 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)HBsAg和/或HBV DNA阳性≥6个月;(3)HCC患者为首次确诊;(4)不存在严重肝、肾功能障碍;(5)患者自愿参加研究,并能充分理解和签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)合并严重慢性疾病(如充血性心力衰竭、慢性肾功能不全、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、系统性红斑狼疮)或合并其他病毒感染[如HIV、HCV、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、EB病毒(EBV)等],以及有胰腺炎病史或相关临床/实验室证据者;(2)有重大器官移植史,华法林治疗,或曾接受肝癌/肝转移/肝内胆管癌相关治疗者;(3)无可用或血清量不足的样本;(4)研究人员认为其他不适合参与研究的情况。

1.3 研究方法

1.3.1 标本采集与检验

将收集的外周血液样本置于离心机以1 000 r/min离心10 min后分离血清。血清分装后立即冷冻于-80 °C冰箱,用于检测。血清AFP、DCP、AFP-L3和GP73水平均采用化学发光免疫分析法进行测定,检测过程严格按照试剂盒说明中的特定储存条件和使用指南进行操作。

1.3.2 观察指标

主要观察指标包括AFP、DCP、GP73等。此外,GALAD模型值根据以下公式计算:logit(P)=-10.08+0.09×年龄+1.67×性别(男=1,女=0)+2.34×log10AFP+0.04×AFP-L3(%)+1.33×log10DCP17

1.4 统计学方法

统计分析与图表绘制使用SPSS 26.0、GraphPad Prism 9.0和R 3.4.4。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示;非正态分布计量资料以MP25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验。分类变量组间比较采用χ2检验。将纳入患者按6∶4比例分层随机抽样分为建模组与验证组,应用Logistic回归分析建立肝癌诊断模型。在MedCalc中进行受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC),通过Youden指数确定最佳截断值,并比较灵敏度、特异度及AUC(采用Delong检验)的差异。相关性分析采用Spearman方法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基线特征比较

不同组间(CHB组、LC组、HCC组)的年龄、性别及各生物标志物(DCP、AFP、GP73、AFP-L3%)均存在统计学差异(P值均<0.05)。HCC组患者中位年龄为54(44~63)岁,男性占比更高,血清DCP、AFP、GP73、AFP-L3%均显著高于CHB和LC组(P值均<0.05)(表1)。

2.2 不同血清学指标与HCC患者临床与肿瘤特征的关系

根据血清学指标的截断值18,将HCC患者进一步分组:以DCP截断值40 mAU/mL为标准,分为DCP低表达组(n=28)和高表达组(n=83);以AFP截断值20 ng/mL为标准,分为AFP低表达组(n=51)和高表达组(n=60)。进一步分析显示,不同DCP表达水平的患者在肿瘤大小及微血管浸润方面存在显著差异(P值均<0.05);不同AFP表达水平的患者在年龄、肿瘤数量、肿瘤大小、微血管浸润及远处转移方面的差异均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。血清AFP-L3%水平则与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数量、远处转移、微血管浸润及米兰分期有关(P值均<0.05);GP73水平与患者肿瘤数量、远处转移及微血管浸润有关(P值均<0.05)(表2)。

2.3 血清学指标与基本人口学特征之间的相关性分析

所有患者血清AFP与AFP-L3%呈强相关(r=0.71,P<0.05),与血清GP73呈中等相关(r=0.33,P<0.05),同时,GP73与AFP-L3%之间也存在中等相关(r=0.41,P<0.05),其余各血清学指标间无相关性或呈弱相关(图1)。

2.4 建模组与验证组特征比较

建模组与验证组在各项指标上的分布差异较小,且两组一般资料及血清学指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表3)。

2.5 模型的建立

将患者的年龄、性别、DCP、AFP、AFP-L3%和GP73作为自变量,是否患有HCC(非HCC=0,HCC=1)作为因变量,纳入二元Logistic回归分析(表4)。经过逐步向前法筛选,最终纳入模型的变量包括年龄、性别、DCP、AFP和GP73,建立如下回归模型:logit(P)=-14.784+0.050×年龄+1.778×[性别(男=1,女=0)]+2.028×log10 GP73+1.118×log10 AFP+2.657×log10 DCP。本模型在核心变量的选择上与GALAD模型存在一定相似性,命名为“G-GADA模型”。

2.6 G-GADA、GALAD、AFP、DCP和GP73对HCC的诊断价值

2.6.1 总人群

在建模组中,G-GADA模型诊断HCC的AUC为0.915,优于GALAD、AFP、DCP及GP73(Z值分别为2.786、5.987、2.612、5.125,P值均<0.05);其敏感度、阴性预测值和Youden指数均优于其他指标,同时也保持了较高的特异度。验证组结果与建模组一致(表5图2a、b)。

2.6.2 AFP低表达(&lt;20 ng/mL)患者

在建模组和验证组中,G-GADA模型在AFP低表达患者中诊断HCC的AUC分别为0.884和0.851,均优于GALAD模型(Z值分别为2.259、2.455,P值均<0.05)。其敏感度、阴性预测值和Youden指数均优于其他指标,同时也保持了较高的特异度(表6图2c、d)。

2.6.3 肝硬化患者

在建模组和验证组中,G-GADA模型在肝硬化患者中诊断HCC的AUC值分别为0.901和0.885,优于GALAD模型(Z值分别为2.621、2.114,P值均<0.05)。其阴性预测值、Youden指数、敏感度、特异度均较高(表7图2e、f)。

3 讨论

目前,HCC诊断主要依赖影像学(如超声)结合血清标志物(AFP、AFP-L3%、DCP)19。但影像学对早期HCC敏感性有限,且受操作者主观因素影响,CT/MRI存在辐射、成本高和假阳性等问题17。因此,多项研究建议采用多指标联合建模以提升诊断效能20。Best等21基于AFP、AFP-L3%、DCP、年龄和性别构建了GALAD评分,显示出优于单一指标的诊断价值。冯文杏等22进一步证实GALAD的AUC优于超声。AFP作为HCC常用标志物,在癌细胞及肝再生组织中表达上调,但约30%患者AFP为阴性1723。DCP由肿瘤细胞产生,在健康个体中通常不可测,是AFP阴性HCC的潜在补充指标,虽具特异性,但临床应用仍存争议24-26。近年来,GP73作为新兴标志物逐渐受到关注,其在HCC发生时由肝细胞释放至血液,血清水平升高27-28。研究表明,GP73诊断HCC的敏感度为74.6%,特异度达97.4%,在HCC患者血清和癌旁组织中表达升高29-30。本研究发现,AFP、DCP、GP73与HCC患者的临床分期、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数量、远处转移及微血管浸润有关,且三者间亦存在一定相关性,提示其在HCC诊断中具有潜在应用价值。

本研究基于AFP、DCP、GP73等血清标志物,结合性别与年龄,构建了HCC诊断模型——G-GADA。结果显示,G-GADA在HCC诊断中的敏感度及Youden指数均显著优于GALAD模型及各单项指标,提示其诊断效能更佳。考虑到约30%的HCC患者AFP阴性,单项检测易漏诊,G-GADA基于DCP与GP73的互补优势,在AFP阴性患者中表现出良好性能,AUC达0.884(建模组)与0.851(验证组),有效弥补了AFP局限,显示出在AFP阴性HCC中的应用潜力。此外,HCC筛查的核心价值在于高危人群的早期精准检测,可提高干预效率、减少资源浪费、改善预后。本研究进一步评估G-GADA在肝硬化人群中的诊断价值,结果显示其阳性预测值达80.42%,较其他慢性肝病患者提高14.52%(80.42% vs 65.90%),显著提升筛查效率并降低假阳性率,减少不必要的影像检查与干预。综上,G-GADA在AFP阴性患者及肝硬化高危患者中均展现优异诊断能力,具备良好临床前景,契合《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)》24提出的“高危人群精准筛查”理念,并与Vo等31及Huang等32研究结果一致。

本研究表明,整合AFP、DCP与GP73的G-GADA模型可有效区分HCC与非HCC,且在AFP阴性及肝硬化患者中表现出良好的诊断能力。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,作为单中心的回顾性研究,样本量有限,可能存在选择偏倚;其次,模型构建仅基于患者的年龄、性别及三项血清学标志物,尚未进一步验证其在患者管理和预后评估中的临床应用价值;此外,HBV感染是HCC的主要病因之一,本研究仅收集了HBV DNA的定性信息,缺乏病毒载量及抗病毒治疗相关资料,从而限制了对病毒复制水平与干预措施影响的进一步分析。

未来研究应在大样本、多中心的前瞻性队列中进一步验证G-GADA模型的临床效能,并结合更多临床变量,以提升模型在不同人群中的稳定性与适用性。已有研究表明,血液代谢组学在HCC治疗反应评估和预后预测方面具有显著潜力,部分代谢物(如芳香族氨基酸、脂质、胆汁酸等)与患者复发风险及生存结局密切相关33,提示将多组学指标纳入预测模型,或可拓展其临床应用范围,提升其综合效能。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82272433)

福建省肝病药物研究重点实验室开放课题资助(KFLX2022002)

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