自身免疫性肝炎相关失代偿期肝硬化再代偿的临床特征及预测因素分析

路小龙 ,  韩琳 ,  谢欢 ,  严立龙 ,  马雪梅 ,  刘冬艳 ,  李洵 ,  梁庆升 ,  邹正升 ,  古彩喆 ,  孙颖

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (09) : 1808 -1817.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (09) : 1808 -1817. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250916
自身免疫性肝病

自身免疫性肝炎相关失代偿期肝硬化再代偿的临床特征及预测因素分析

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Clinical features of recompensation in autoimmune hepatitis-related decompensated cirrhosis and related predictive factors

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摘要

目的 探讨自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)相关失代偿期肝硬化患者的再代偿临床特征及转归规律,明确其独立预测因素,并构建再代偿发生概率列线图预测模型。 方法 采用回顾性队列研究设计,纳入2015年1月—2023年8月中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部收治的211例成人AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者。随访主要终点为再代偿实现,次要终点为肝病相关死亡或肝移植。根据随访结束时患者结局,分为获得再代偿组(n=61)和持续失代偿组(n=150)。符合正态分布及方差齐的计量资料组间比较采用成组t检验,非正态分布及方差不齐的计量资料组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;通过Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,应用Cox比例风险回归模型确定独立预测因素,构建列线图模型并进行验证。 结果 211例患者的中位年龄为55.0岁,女性占87.2%,中位随访时间44.0个月。累积再代偿率35.5%。获得再代偿组患者WBC、PLT、TBil、ALT、AST、TBA、PT、INR、SMA阳性率、MELD评分及Child-Pugh评分、激素使用率均显著高于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05),基线年龄、并发症发生数量和死亡/肝移植率均显著少于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05)。获得再代偿组治疗后3个月及12个月AST、TBil、INR、IgG、MELD评分与Child-Pugh评分持续改善,均显著低于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05),而PLT、Alb水平持续上升,均显著高于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,基线ALT(HR=1.067,95%CI:1.010~1.127,P=0.021)、IgG(HR=0.463,95%CI:0.258~0.833,P=0.010)、SMA阳性(HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768~5.515,P0.001)及应用激素治疗(HR=20.651,95%CI:8.744~48.770,P0.001)是发生再代偿的独立预测因素,基于预测因素构建的列线图模型显示良好预测效能(C指数=0.87,95%CI:0.84~0.90)。 结论 AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者实现再代偿可显著改善预后,基线SMA阳性、ALT高水平、IgG低水平及接受激素治疗是实现再代偿的独立预测因素,由其构建的预测模型可为临床个体化治疗提供决策依据。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical features and outcomes of recompensation in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-related decompensated cirrhosis, to identify independent predictive factors, and to construct a nomogram prediction model for the probability of recompensation. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the adult patients with AIH-related decompensated cirrhosis who were admitted to The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to August 2023 (n=211). The primary endpoint was achievement of recompensation, and the secondary endpoint was liver-related death or liver transplantation. According to the outcome of the patients at the end of the follow-up, the patients were divided into the recompensation group (n=16) and the persistent decompensation group(n=150).The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data with homogeneity of variance, and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data with heterogeneity of variance; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis; the Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to identify independent predictive factors, and a nomogram model was constructed and validated. Results A total of 211 patients were enrolled, with a median age of 55.0 years and a median follow-up time of 44.0 months, and female patients accounted for 87.2%. Among the 211 patients, 61 (with a cumulative proportion of 35.5%) achieved recompensation. Compared with the persistent decompensation group, the recompensation group had significantly higher white blood cell count, platelet count (PLT), total bilirubin (TBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), SMA positive rate, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Child-Pugh score, and rate of use of glucocorticoids (all P0.05), as well as significantly lower age at baseline, number of complications, and death/liver transplantation rate (all P0.05). At 3 and 12 months after treatment, the recompensation group had continuous improvements in AST, TBil, INR, IgG, MELD score, and Child-Pugh score, which were significantly lower than the values in the persistent decompensation group (all P0.05), alongside with continuous increases in PLT and albumin, which were significantly higher than the values in the persistent decompensation group (P0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that baseline ALT (hazard ratio [HR]=1.067, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.010 — 1.127, P=0.021), IgG (HR=0.463,95%CI:0.258 — 0.833, P=0.010), SMA positivity (HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768 — 5.515, P0.001), and glucocorticoid therapy (HR=20.651,95%CI:8.744 — 48.770, P0.001) were independent predictive factors for recompensation, and the nomogram model based on these predictive factors showed excellent predictive performance (C-index=0.87,95%CI:0.84 — 0.90). Conclusion Achieving recompensation significantly improves clinical outcomes in patients with AIH-related decompensated cirrhosis. Baseline SMA positivity, a high level of ALT, a low level of IgG, and corticosteroid therapy are independent predictive factors for recompensation. The predictive model constructed based on these factors can provide a basis for decision-making in individualized clinical management.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝炎, 自身免疫性 / 肝硬化 / 列线图

Key words

Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Liver Cirrhosis / Nomograms

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路小龙,韩琳,谢欢,严立龙,马雪梅,刘冬艳,李洵,梁庆升,邹正升,古彩喆,孙颖. 自身免疫性肝炎相关失代偿期肝硬化再代偿的临床特征及预测因素分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(09): 1808-1817 DOI:10.12449/JCH250916

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自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)是一种由免疫介导的慢性进行性肝脏炎症疾病,表现为血清氨基转移酶水平升高、高免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)血症、循环自身抗体阳性及组织学上出现界面性肝炎、淋巴-浆细胞浸润、肝细胞玫瑰花环样改变等特征。早期诊断并接受免疫抑制治疗对于改善AIH患者的预后具有积极意义,可有效抑制炎症,阻止肝纤维化进展1。然而,AIH往往表现为隐匿性病程,并且缺乏具有高敏感性和特异性的诊断生物标志物,导致临床上易发生误诊和漏诊2。在北美地区,约55%的患者在确诊AIH时,其病情已发展至肝硬化阶段3。在东南亚及远东地区,AIH确诊时发生肝硬化的比例高达76%,其中超过1/3的老年患者在确诊时已处于失代偿期肝硬化4。因此,AIH的早期诊断是提升患者生活质量、延长生存期的关键5-8。传统医学观念中,肝硬化从代偿期进展至失代偿期被视为一种单向且不可逆的过程。但是,随着现代医学诊断与治疗技术的持续进步,部分失代偿期肝硬化患者在控制或根除潜在病因后,其肝功能可实现持续性改善,并且能够避免出现失代偿期肝硬化的相关并发症,达到一种类似于代偿期的“再代偿”状态9-14。目前,针对“再代偿”的相关研究主要集中在病毒性肝炎相关肝硬化及酒精性肝硬化等领域,对于AIH相关肝硬化研究数据尚显不足。为此,本研究针对AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者开展回顾性分析,旨在揭示发生再代偿患者的临床特征及其相关的预测因素。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

收集2015年1月—2023年8月中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部收治的AIH相关肝硬化患者,从中筛选首次因AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化入院患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄18岁~80岁;(2)AIH简化评分标准≥6分;(3)超声、CT和/或核磁等影像学检查提示肝硬化;(4)失代偿期肝硬化诊断基于临床、生化、超声和/或内窥镜检查结果,在肝硬化基础上,出现肝功能减退和门静脉高压等失代偿表现,如腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、脓毒症、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征等15。排除标准:(1)合并原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)、IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎,嗜肝病毒感染、酒精性肝病、药物性肝病、肝脏肿瘤等其他肝脏疾病或肝移植术后患者;(2)合并心、肺、肾等影响生存期的严重慢性疾病者;(3)妊娠期、哺乳期患者;(4)基线数据不完整者;(5)随访时间不足1年者;(6)非初次诊断失代偿期肝硬化患者;(7)既往有激素或免疫抑制剂治疗史患者。病例筛选过程见图1。AIH诊断采用AIH简化评分标准,入组患者需符合确诊或可能(≥6分)16;抗核抗体或抗平滑肌抗体(smooth muscle antibody,SMA)阳性为1型,抗肝肾微粒体抗体1型或抗肝细胞溶质抗原1型阳性为2型1;再代偿的定义参照Baveno Ⅶ共识中的推荐意见17:(1)持续治愈、抑制或去除肝硬化的潜在病因;(2)停用利尿剂和预防性治疗后腹水和肝性脑病消退,且12个月内未见静脉曲张出血;(3)肝功能持续改善,以血清白蛋白、胆红素和国际标准化比值(INR)为评估标准。本研究AIH病因学抑制定义为生化和/或组织学缓解18

1.2 临床资料收集

以患者因AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化首次入院时间为基线,收集患者基线的人口学资料和临床数据,包括基础疾病、性别、年龄、病史、临床症状、体格检查中阳性体征、实验室指标、影像学检查、肝穿刺病理结果(部分患者)及治疗情况。实验室指标包括:血常规、凝血常规、生化指标、血清Ig、自身免疫性肝病相关自身抗体、嗜肝病毒标志物。随访内容包括:症状、实验室检查、影像学资料、发生终点事件的时间。根据随访结束时患者的结局分为再代偿组和持续失代偿组。入组患者均具有完整的基线数据,随访期间记录终点事件,主要终点为发生再代偿,次要终点为肝病相关死亡/肝移植,随访截止时间为2024年8月31日。

1.3 统计学方法

采用PASS 2023软件按照双侧0.05的检验水准和预期90%的检验效能计算样本量。符合正态分布及方差齐的计量资料以x¯±s表示,组间比较采用成组t检验,非正态分布及方差不齐的计量资料以MP25P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;对可能影响生存及再代偿相关性单因素的临床特征分析采用Kaplan-Meier法描述终点事件的累积发生率,并采用Log-rank检验评估差异。采用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险模型,评估风险因素与终点事件发生风险之间的关联。所有分析及作图均使用Graphpad Prism 10.1.2、SPSS 27.0、R 4.3.2软件进行。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

共纳入211例AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者,其中61例实现再代偿。获得再代偿组患者WBC、PLT、TBil、ALT、AST、TBA、PT、INR、SMA阳性率、MELD评分、Child-Pugh评分、激素使用率均显著高于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05),基线年龄、并发症发生数量和死亡/肝移植率均显著少于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05)(表1)。

2.2 随访指标动态变化

随访3个月及12个月时,获得再代偿组AST、TBil、IgG、INR、MELD评分及Child-Pugh评分持续下降,均显著低于持续失代偿组(P值均0.05),而PLT、Alb水平持续上升,均显著高于持续失代偿期组(P值均0.05);在随访12个月时,获得再代偿组的TBA水平显著低于持续失代偿组(P0.05)(图2)。

2.3 生存与再代偿影响因素

中位随访时间为44.0(38.5~49.5)个月,累积再代偿率35.5%,累积非肝移植生存率56.7%(3例接受了肝移植手术,47例发生肝脏相关死亡),获得再代偿组累积生存率显著高于持续失代偿组(P0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示,基线年龄65岁、SMA阳性及接受激素治疗的患者累积再代偿发生率更高(图3)。将单因素分析中与再代偿发生具有统计学关联的因素纳入多因素分析,尽管基线IgG未表现出显著统计学差异(P=0.899),鉴于IgG水平是反映AIH病情和炎症活动的重要血清学标志物,且考虑到其效应可能受到其他预测因子的干扰或混杂,亦将其纳入多因素模型进行分析。结果显示,基线ALT(HR=1.067,95%CI:1.010~1.127,P=0.021)、IgG(HR=0.463,95%CI:0.258~0.833,P=0.010)、SMA阳性(HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768~5.515,P0.001)及应用激素治疗(HR=20.651,95%CI:8.744~48.770,P0.001)是发生再代偿的独立预测因素(表2)。

2.4 列线图预测模型

基于多因素Cox回归分析结果,通过ALT、IgG、SMA阳性及激素治疗因素构建的列线图模型可预测2、3、5年再代偿概率,C指数为0.87(95%CI:0.84~0.90),模型效能良好(图4)。

3 讨论

肝硬化作为一种慢性进展性疾病,其从代偿期向失代偿期的进展传统上被视为不可逆的单向过程。然而,随着病因控制及治疗策略优化,部分患者可恢复至“再代偿”状态。这一发现对传统观念提出了挑战。2021年发布的Baveno Ⅶ共识首次对肝硬化再代偿现象进行了定义。尽管如此,目前关于再代偿的定义,主要基于病毒性肝炎和酒精性肝病的临床经验,对于其他病因导致的肝硬化再代偿的确切标准尚不十分明确。特别是针对AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化的再代偿,Baveno Ⅶ标准的适用性仍需进一步研究验证。

本研究聚焦AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化,发现35.5%的患者经治疗后实现再代偿,显著高于酒精性及PBC相关肝硬化报道数据19-20,提示AIH患者具有独特的临床转归特征。

有研究显示,ALT的基线水平显著升高以及AST水平的快速下降与患者预后良好具有显著的关联性21-23,在乙型肝炎肝硬化患者中也观察到类似现象14,这与本研究结果相一致。在临床特征层面,本研究观察到与肝细胞炎症活动及损伤程度密切相关的基线生化指标,包括ALT、AST、TBil水平,获得再代偿组患者显著高于持续失代偿组。进一步多因素Cox回归分析表明,基线ALT水平较高的患者,更易发生再代偿(HR=1.067,95%CI:1.010~1.127,P=0.021)。Child-Pugh分级标准和MELD评分均为评估肝硬化患者肝功能储备的重要量化工具,但值得注意的是,获得再代偿组患者的基线MELD评分及Child-Pugh评分反而显著高于持续失代偿组(P0.01)。这种看似矛盾的现象提示,虽然初始肝损伤程度较重的患者更易出现失代偿状态,但通过规范化的并发症管理和肝功能改善,能够使部分患者有效逆转失代偿进程。

血清IgG水平的持续升高是AIH的一个典型血清学标志。研究表明,血清IgG水平持续升高的患者,5年内未经肝移植的存活率显著下降24。相对而言,初始IgG水平较低的患者通常具有更佳的预后。本研究首次发现基线IgG水平较低(HR=0.463)与再代偿密切相关,随访中再代偿组IgG水平显著下降并趋近正常,与AIH缓解的标志一致。与自身免疫相关的另一指标自身抗体SMA,其存在与肝脏组织学炎症程度呈显著相关性25。然而,关于SMA在AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化预后预测方面的研究数据尚显不足。本研究发现,发生再代偿组患者基线SMA阳性率显著升高,而基线SMA阳性也是AIH再代偿的独立预测因素(HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768~5.515,P0.001),进一步支持其可作为治疗敏感性的生物标志物26,基于上述因素构建的列线图模型(C指数=0.87)可有效预测再代偿概率,为临床决策提供量化工具。

糖皮质激素是AIH的核心治疗手段,能够促使大多数处于活动期的AIH患者实现生化应答,该治疗对各型及不同病程阶段的AIH均显示出有效性,即便是在肝硬化阶段亦然27。然而,由于失代偿期肝硬化患者面临严重的并发症风险,如感染等,这增加了糖皮质激素治疗的严重不良反应概率,因此,在治疗策略上仍存在一定的争议性,国际AIH指南尚缺乏相关的治疗建议28-30。根据我国的临床指南,对于AIH相关肝硬化早期失代偿期患者,建议在严密监测下谨慎采用小剂量糖皮质激素进行治疗1

本研究中再代偿组激素使用率达90.2%(P0.001),多因素分析显示激素治疗是再代偿的独立预测因素(HR=20.651)。尽管较高剂量的激素治疗能够加速肝组织炎症的改善,但在生化缓解率方面并未显示出显著差异31-33,这与本研究的结果相吻合,在AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者中,初始激素治疗剂量对于肝功能再代偿的发生并无显著影响。

本研究的全队列分析结果显示,65岁的AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者,相较于≥65岁患者,其再代偿的发生率更高,但在接受糖皮质激素治疗的亚组分析中却发现≥65岁患者相较于年轻患者,更易获得肝功能的再代偿(P=0.045),此发现与先前研究中老年患者对激素反应更佳的结论相吻合34-37。因此,对于≥65岁的AIH患者,应谨慎采取糖皮质激素治疗1,尤其是在考虑到老年患者对糖皮质激素治疗反应更佳的背景下,根据患者的具体情况,权衡利弊,制订个性化的治疗方案,可能有助于提高患者的生存质量和预后。

综上所述,AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者实现再代偿可显著改善生存,激素治疗、SMA阳性、ALT水平升高及低IgG水平是核心预测因素。但本研究仍存在若干局限性。首先,研究对象限定为首次出现AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化的患者,导致样本量受限,难以获取更广泛的患者群体。其次,本研究采用回顾性队列研究方法,存在固有局限性,研究使用的数据库并非为临床研究专门设计,这使得控制混杂因素相对困难,并可能导致选择性偏倚。最后,鉴于AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者接受激素治疗存在潜在风险,且并非常规治疗方案,因此在回顾性研究中仅有部分患者接受了糖皮质激素治疗。未来研究应考虑开展多中心、前瞻性队列研究,以高质量的临床研究设计弥补回顾性研究的不足。

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国家自然科学基金(82170538)

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