线粒体动力学失衡在不同肝病中的作用

闵远骞 ,  李姗 ,  刘湘花 ,  杨艺 ,  禄保平

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (09) : 1937 -1942.

PDF (1089KB)
临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (09) : 1937 -1942. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250934
综述

线粒体动力学失衡在不同肝病中的作用

作者信息 +

Role of mitochondrial division/fusion in different liver diseases

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (1114K)

摘要

线粒体在肝细胞中含量丰富,在肝脏正常运转过程中发挥着重要作用。线粒体分裂/融合是维持线粒体动态平衡的两个生物过程,其还与细胞功能变化及疾病发生发展有密切联系,平衡线粒体分裂/融合在多种疾病的治疗中具有关键意义。近年来研究发现,异常的线粒体分裂/融合在脂肪肝、肝炎、肝纤维化和肝癌4个肝病发展阶段中作用显著,以调控这种异常为基础的治疗靶点不断被发现。本文通过对线粒体分裂/融合在肝病进程中不同阶段作用的综述,进一步展示了慢性肝病中线粒体分裂/融合机制的作用,也为更多以线粒体分裂/融合为基础,治疗、缓解甚至逆转肝病发展的思路提供科学依据。

Abstract

Mitochondria are abundant in hepatocytes and play an important role in the normal operation of the liver. Mitochondrial division/fusion is two biological processes that maintain the dynamic balance of mitochondria, and it is closely associated with the change of cell function and the development and progression of diseases. Balance of mitochondrial division/fusion is of key significance in the treatment of many diseases. Recent studies have shown that abnormal mitochondrial division/fusion plays a significant role in fatty liver disease, hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer, which are the four stages of the progression of liver diseases, and the therapeutic targets based on the regulation of such abnormalities are constantly being identified. By reviewing the role of mitochondrial division/fusion in different stages of liver disease, this article further demonstrates the role of mitochondrial division/fusion mechanism in chronic liver diseases and also provides a scientific basis for more ideas on the treatment, remission or even reversal of liver disease progression based on mitochondrial division/fusion.

Graphical abstract

关键词

线粒体 / 脂肪肝 / 肝纤维化 / 癌, 肝细胞

Key words

Mitochondria / Fatty Liver / Hepatic Fibrosis / Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
闵远骞,李姗,刘湘花,杨艺,禄保平. 线粒体动力学失衡在不同肝病中的作用[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(09): 1937-1942 DOI:10.12449/JCH250934

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

线粒体作为能量代谢和生物功能调节的核心细胞器,是高度动态的细胞器。在细胞的不同生命过程和外界环境刺激下,不同形态的线粒体可经历多次分裂与融合,以适应细胞内外不同的需求,维持动态平衡1。在线粒体分裂/融合过程中,维护膜结构的完整性至关重要,可以防止膜间隙中分子泄漏而引发的细胞凋亡。细胞内线粒体网络化与其分裂/融合速率密切相关。通常情况下,线粒体分裂/融合速率较为平衡,这使得线粒体的形态和数量保持相对恒定。然而,若线粒体的融合受阻,则可能导致线粒体片段化;相反,若分裂过程受到抑制,则会促使线粒体网络化增强2。线粒体分裂/融合过程出现异常,除了引起线粒体形态和功能改变外,还对细胞的多种功能变化有深远影响,并与疾病的发生或发展有着密切关联。
肝脏作为人体重要的代谢器官,其功能的发挥也依赖于线粒体的作用。线粒体在肝细胞中含量丰富,线粒体质量控制系统可调节线粒体分裂/融合,影响肝细胞的生理病理变化。近年来研究表明,线粒体分裂/融合的异常在慢性肝病的不同阶段发挥着重要作用,其可通过异常分裂/融合过程中相关蛋白的抑制或过表达,诱导正常肝脏向脂肪肝、肝炎、肝纤维化、肝癌转变。因此,针对线粒体分裂/融合机制的干预,对治疗肝脏疾病具有重要的科学及临床价值,这为探索更多延缓乃至逆转各种肝脏疾病的潜在治疗方向及药物开发提供了科学参考。

1 线粒体分裂

线粒体分裂是指线粒体膜断裂导致线粒体基质和线粒体DNA在2个新的线粒体中进行重新分配的生物过程3。线粒体在细胞内自有DNA,在分裂过程中,既可通过DNA复制自我增殖,并分裂形成新的子线粒体,也可通过分裂的方式摆脱受损物质4。研究显示,线粒体分裂与动力蛋白相关蛋白1(dynein-associated protein 1,Drp1)、线粒体裂变蛋白1(mitochondrial fission 1 protein,Fis1)、线粒体分裂因子(mitochondrial fission factor,Mff)、49/51 kDa的线粒体N末端锚定蛋白(N-terminally anchored mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 and 51 kDa,MiD49/51)等蛋白关系密切5-6。尤其是Drp1,与绝大多数哺乳动物的线粒体分裂相关,可通过与Fis1、Mff、MiD49/51等蛋白受体的相互作用驱动分裂过程。Mff、Fis1、MiD49、MiD51等蛋白受体,可将激活的Drp1招募到线粒体膜外的分裂位点,多个Drp1分子围绕线粒体在此位点聚合,形成环状结构,通过水解GTP(三磷酸鸟苷)改变分子间的距离或角度,逐渐压缩至分裂,完成线粒体分裂过程,并在分裂完成后返回细胞质7图1)。其中,Fis1分布于整个外膜,可独立促进线粒体外膜Drp1募集和聚合,Mff沿线粒体小管点状分布,也可独立促进Drp1募集和聚合,且与Fis1相比,Mff与Drp1有更强的相互作用8-9。在Mff与Fis1缺乏时,MiD49/51也可与Drp1发生相互作用,参与线粒体分裂,影响线粒体功能10

2 线粒体融合

线粒体融合是线粒体形态改变的一种方式,广泛存在于真核细胞的线粒体中,属于同源融合(参与反应的两侧膜相同),其主要包括由丝裂原蛋白(mitofusin,Mfn)介导的外膜融合和由视神经萎缩蛋白1(optic atrophy 1,OPA1)介导的内膜融合11-12。线粒体融合蛋白Mfn主要有Mfn1与Mfn2两个结构,以GTP酶依赖性方式促进线粒体外膜的束缚和融合12-13,Mfn1蛋白通过HR2结构域将两个相对的线粒体拴连,Mfn2蛋白与其他Mfn2蛋白或与Mfn1蛋白寡聚以促进线粒体融合14。另有研究发现,灵长类的Mfn2蛋白具有比Mfn1更强的膜拴连效率15,可见Mfn1和Mfn2的比例也会影响线粒体融合的过程。OPA1是线粒体内源发动蛋白,其通过不同位点剪接,形成L-form(整合性)和S-form(可溶性)两种形式,在线粒体内膜融合中发挥重要作用16。OPA1蛋白参与内膜融合以头尾串联为主要融合方式,头尾串联可形成小规模螺旋,从而在每侧的膜上形成较不稳定的膜凸起,只有当两侧膜凸起对接时,才可完成内膜融合17图1)。所以,Mfn1、Mfn2突变大多直接影响线粒体外膜的拴连和融合,而OPA1突变则更多影响嵴塑形或蛋白稳定,从而间接破坏内膜融合。

3 线粒体分裂/融合与肝病

3.1 脂肪肝

脂肪肝是以肝细胞脂肪过度贮存和脂肪变性为特征的疾病,肝细胞中脂质逐步增多,蓄积后可导致肝细胞炎症和气球样变的发生18,因此肝细胞脂质代谢的变化在脂肪肝的发生发展中起主要作用。脂滴是细胞内中性脂肪的主要贮存场所,在生理条件下,脂滴周围的线粒体通过细胞核内的脂滴包被蛋白5和其他因子进行脂质合成,线粒体又能通过β-氧化反应将脂肪酸降解为乙酰基单位19,表明线粒体与脂滴结合在脂质合成和代谢中发挥重要作用。当线粒体以不平衡的方式分裂和融合时,将发生线粒体受损,导致肝脂质代谢紊乱20。临床中已有靶向线粒体逆转肝细胞脂质积累的治疗记录21-22,也有动物实验证实,肝细胞限制Drp1可在很大程度上防止体脂增加、葡萄糖耐受不良和肝脏甘油三酯的蓄积23-24。这也表明对肝脏线粒体分裂的破坏可以保护小鼠免受饮食诱导的脂肪代谢紊乱。FLNA(肌动蛋白结合蛋白丝蛋白A)作为Drp1的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子,可介导线粒体分裂,而抑制Drp1-FLNA复合物形成可增加线粒体与脂滴相互作用,抑制分裂,改善脂质代谢25。在脂肪肝患者中,线粒体氧化功能上调,活性氧/活性氮(reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species,ROS/RNS)产生增加,线粒体分裂过度,代谢失衡,导致肝脏氧化损伤引发肝炎26-27,表明线粒体对代谢负荷的失效是脂肪肝向肝炎转变的触发因素。谷胱甘肽是线粒体抗氧化防御系统的关键组成部分,通过依赖Mfn的机制促进线粒体融合,使用抗氧化剂干预可以通过减轻肝脏氧化应激提高肝脏谷胱甘肽水平,促进线粒体融合,恢复线粒体稳态,减轻肝脂质代谢紊乱28。但另有一项研究显示,非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的肝脏中参与线粒体融合的OPA1蛋白表达增加,而敲除OPA1蛋白的小鼠肝细胞中,线粒体-过氧化物酶体-内质网拴系减少,降低了胆汁酸在胆汁中的结合和释放,从而减少了膳食中脂质的吸收1。综上,抑制线粒体分裂对脂质代谢的调节有较为显著的效果,但促进融合并不一定可以控制脂质代谢紊乱,这可能需要对线粒体融合时的介导蛋白进行针对性的实验,可以确定的是,平衡线粒体分裂与融合,靶向线粒体是解决肝脂肪蓄积,对抗氧化损伤,治疗脂肪肝的潜在治疗策略。

3.2 脂肪性肝炎与病毒性肝炎

肝炎是各种致病因素侵袭导致肝细胞损害,而引起肝脏发生的炎症反应,较为多见的是脂肪性肝炎与病毒性肝炎。线粒体损伤是肝炎发生时的突出表现。酒精性脂肪性肝炎(alcoholic steatohepatitis,ASH)的主要诱因是酗酒,酒精会影响肝转录因子EB抑制Drp1的表达。人类ASH肝脏中Drp1、Mfn1与Mfn2水平均降低,线粒体分裂/融合失衡,肝脏巨线粒体的积累增加,肝脏炎症加重29。为进一步证明Drp1的作用,Ma等29还应用肝脏特异性Drp1敲除小鼠进行实验,发现Drp1敲除促进cGAS-STING-IRF通路激活,为ASH的继续发展创造了一个促炎微环境。但这种敲除只是加剧了酒精诱导的肝炎,不会加重脂肪变性。而在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)小鼠模型中,肝脏Mfn2的过表达可减轻炎症反应,减少三酰甘油蓄积,改善NASH表型30。且已有多项研究证实,促进线粒体融合在NASH治疗中发挥着重要作用30-32。因此,2种不同类型的脂肪性肝炎在靶向线粒体治疗时,需要采取不同的针对措施。病毒性肝炎发生的主要原因是肝炎病毒感染人体后,在肝脏内复制和释放病毒,引起肝脏的一系列病变,而肝炎病毒的感染会影响线粒体的正常生理功能,较为典型的就是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染。抗病毒是治疗病毒性肝炎的首选治疗方法。HCV进入肝脏,会诱导线粒体分裂,使分裂/融合失衡,进而促进病毒分泌,逃避先天免疫,减弱细胞凋亡,导致HCV持续感染33-34,抑制线粒体分裂可维持线粒体稳态,确保其正常功能,抑制病毒的进一步感染35-36。而HBV X蛋白同样会降解线粒体融合的相关蛋白,使线粒体动力学向升高的、异常的线粒体片段化(分裂)和线粒体自噬转变,促进被感染细胞的活力,抑制感染细胞的凋亡,且这种变化的程度与该蛋白的不同基因型相关,以基因A型和基因G型最为严重37-38。因此,对于病毒性肝炎,抑制分裂、促进融合可起到对抗病毒感染的作用;而对于脂肪性肝炎,则需要判断其诱因与酒精的关联,关注线粒体分裂作用对ASH的保护。

3.3 肝纤维化

肝纤维化是多种慢性肝病的必经病理环节,可逐渐演变为肝硬化、肝癌。肝星状细胞(HSC)是存在于肝脏窦周隙(Disse腔)中的非实质细胞,是正常及纤维化肝脏中细胞外基质的主要合成细胞,其转化为肌成纤维细胞的活化过程是肝纤维化的主要驱动因素。氧化应激在肝纤维化形成和HSC活化中扮演着重要角色。已有研究表明,柴胡皂苷-d可降低ROS/RNS水平,抑制过氧化氢影响下HSC的增殖和激活39。线粒体的变化与ROS/RNS密切相关,ROS/RNS会诱导Drp1在Ser 616位点磷酸化,促进Drp1从细胞质迁移到线粒体表面并触发线粒体分裂,随着ROS/RNS的过度沉积,氧化应激反应激活,促进线粒体分裂过度,引起线粒体动力学失衡40。Fis1过表达驱动的线粒体分裂增加,足以激活HSC,进一步说明线粒体分裂对肝纤维化的促进作用41。当线粒体稳态被破坏时,抑制Drp1活性、增强Mfn1和Mfn2的表达可以维持线粒体正常分裂/融合,缓解肝纤维化3241。Zhang等42通过直接应用线粒体分裂抑制剂Mdivi-1,处理CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型,发现使用后Drp1被抑制,肝纤维化减轻。氧化应激导致的过度分裂,会在HSC活化期间增强氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation,OxPhos),加速HSC活化,促进纤维化43。Smith-Cortinez等44研究证实,靶向抑制线粒体OxPhos来抑制肝纤维化,可作为抗纤维化的有效靶点,而且活化的人HSC对代谢抑制剂比鼠更为敏感。Mfn2过表达可抑制TGF-β1/Smad信号通路,减少胶原沉积,拮抗肝纤维化相关因子与促炎因子,促进HSC凋亡,改善肝纤维化45。细胞内Mfn2低表达时,细胞进入增殖期46。Chen等47发现,Mfn2对HSC增殖具有负向调控作用。另有研究表明,Mfn2对融合的促进,可通过PI3K/Akt通路靶向p-PDGFR-β(磷酸化血小板衍生生长因子受体-β),抑制HSC的增殖和活化48-49。以上研究提示,线粒体过度分裂与肝纤维化发生呈正相关,直接抑制线粒体分裂,阻断可能导致线粒体分裂的路径或促进线粒体融合,可作为肝纤维化的治疗方向。

3.4 肝癌

癌细胞通常表现出破碎的线粒体,其通过促进癌细胞肿瘤起始潜力,在各种类型癌症的致瘤性和恶性转变中起着关键作用。Mff在肝癌起始细胞中显著上调,可诱导线粒体裂变,促进从OxPhos到糖酵解的代谢转变。TBX19(T-box转录因子19)是肝癌起始细胞的Mff启动子,可与PRMT1(蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶1)形成复合物,引发Mff反式激活。一项动物实验表明,靶向PRMT1可降低TBX19诱导的Mff上调,抑制线粒体裂变,促使肝癌起始细胞的自我更新潜力和肿瘤起始能力严重丧失,起到干扰肝癌继续发展的作用50。自然杀伤(NK)细胞在肿瘤监测中发挥至关重要的作用,Zheng等51以肝癌小鼠为研究对象,发现缺氧肿瘤微环境驱动了mTOR-Drp1在NK细胞中机制靶点的持续激活,导致线粒体过度分裂为片段化,肿瘤躲避了NK细胞介导的监视,肝癌患者生存率降低。这些说明了线粒体分裂在肝癌发展中扮演着关键角色,以及抑制其分裂起到的治疗作用。另有研究证实,线粒体蛋白FUNDC2(FUN14结构域2)的高表达与肝癌患者的生存率呈负相关,其敲除后,可通过逆转线粒体分裂,重编程癌症代谢,在体内以Mfn1依赖性方式抑制肝癌52。在癌细胞中,Mfn2具有促凋亡和抗增殖的双重功能。Mfn2的过表达,可通过PI3K/Akt与ERK1/2通路发挥促凋亡和抗增殖作用,抑制细胞发生有丝分裂,促进线粒体融合转变,减少癌细胞增殖53。此外,Mfn2的上调,还可增加TIMP-3(基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂3)的含量,降低肝脏MMP9(基质金属蛋白酶9)的表达,抑制癌细胞的转移活性54。可见,抑制线粒体片段化或将其向融合转变是降低肝癌患者死亡率及提高预后的潜在治疗方向,也是抗击癌细胞转移的有力措施(图2)。

4 小结及展望

本文基于慢性肝病在发展过程中历经的4个阶段,对线粒体分裂/融合在肝病中的作用机制进行了综述。研究发现,对于病毒性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝癌的治疗而言,抑制线粒体过度分裂、促进融合是共同的手段。而对于脂肪性肝病,及由此发展的NASH,抑制线粒体分裂虽然可以减轻脂质积累,但促进线粒体融合却不一定会改善原本肝细胞的病变,还需要针对性调节特定的融合蛋白。研究表明,融合蛋白的异常高表达与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发展呈正相关,而抑制融合蛋白可起到减轻肝脏脂质蓄积的可能,说明靶向抑制某些特定融合蛋白的表达,可能成为减轻脂质沉积的潜在治疗策略1。但此项策略可能更多倾向于高脂饮食吸收过多导致的脂质积累,未来还需更深入探索,验证这项策略的可行性和更为具体的作用机制。关于抑制分裂会促进肝脏炎症、加重ASH的研究尽管已有说明,但抑制融合是否可以起到治疗ASH的作用并未有详细研究,因此,针对调控线粒体分裂/融合治疗ASH的具体策略还需深入研究与思考。此外,近年来研究发现,线粒体分裂/融合与炎症、氧化应激、OxPhos、免疫等反应之间的相互作用,也可作为肝病治疗时的新思路。虽然已有不少实验探究了线粒体分裂/融合在肝病不同阶段中的调控作用,但由于临床中靶向线粒体治疗的精准度要求较高,技术难度和资金投入较大,且治疗的安全性还需长期反复地验证,所以实际的临床研究仍然较少。鉴于线粒体分裂/融合在肝病进程中扮演的重要角色,随着技术的进步和治疗安全性的判断,在后续研究中,应进一步拓宽研究思路,充分利用现有的研究基础,寻找更多以调控线粒体分裂/融合为治疗靶点的有效方法,实现基础研究与临床实践的融合,从而有效遏制肝病的发生发展。

参考文献

[1]

da DALT L, MOREGOLA A, SVECLA M, et al. The inhibition of inner mitochondrial fusion in hepatocytes reduces non-alcoholic fatty liver and improves metabolic profile during obesity by modulating bile acid conjugation[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2024, 119(18): 2917-2929. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad169 .

[2]

SHAN SL, LIU ZX, LI LL, et al. Calpain-mediated cleavage of mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins in acetaminophen-induced mice liver injury[J]. Hum Exp Toxicol, 2022, 41: 9603271221108321. DOI: 10.1177/09603271221108321 .

[3]

NARGUND AM, PELLEGRINO MW, FIORESE CJ, et al. Mitochondrial import efficiency of ATFS-1 regulates mitochondrial UPR activation[J]. Science, 2012, 337(6094): 587-590. DOI: 10.1126/science.1223560 .

[4]

KLEELE T, REY T, WINTER J, et al. Distinct fission signatures predict mitochondrial degradation or biogenesis[J]. Nature, 2021, 593(7859): 435-439. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03510-6 .

[5]

WANG BR, XIAO XY, HUANG FW, et al. Syntaxin-17-dependent mitochondrial dynamics is essential for protection against oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis[J]. Antioxidants (Basel), 2019, 8(11): 522. DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110522 .

[6]

ZHOU L, ZHANG L, ZHANG Y, et al. PINK1 deficiency ameliorates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats[J]. Front Physiol, 2019, 10: 1225. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01225 .

[7]

SIMULA L, CAMPANELLA M, CAMPELLO S. Targeting Drp1 and mitochondrial fission for therapeutic immune modulation[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2019, 146: 104317. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104317 .

[8]

OSELLAME LD, SINGH AP, STROUD DA, et al. Cooperative and independent roles of the Drp1 adaptors Mff, MiD49 and MiD51 in mitochondrial fission[J]. J Cell Sci, 2016, 129(11): 2170-2181. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185165 .

[9]

OTERA H, MIYATA N, KUGE O, et al. Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission via MiD49/51 is essential for apoptotic cristae remodeling[J]. J Cell Biol, 2016, 212(5): 531-544. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201508099 .

[10]

ATKINS K, DASGUPTA A, CHEN KH, et al. The role of Drp1 adaptor proteins MiD49 and MiD51 in mitochondrial fission: Implications for human disease[J]. Clin Sci, 2016, 130(21): 1861-1874. DOI: 10.1042/cs20160030 .

[11]

DEL DOTTO V, FOGAZZA M, CARELLI V, et al. Eight human OPA1 isoforms, long and short: What are they for?[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg, 2018, 1859(4): 263-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.01.005 .

[12]

GAO S, HU JJ. Mitochondrial fusion: The machineries in and out[J]. Trends Cell Biol, 2021, 31(1): 62-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.008 .

[13]

CAO YL, MENG SX, CHEN Y, et al. MFN1 structures reveal nucleotide-triggered dimerization critical for mitochondrial fusion[J]. Nature, 2017, 542(7641): 372-376. DOI: 10.1038/nature21077 .

[14]

ZHANG M, BENER MB, JIANG ZL, et al. Mitofusin 1 is required for female fertility and to maintain ovarian follicular reserve[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2019, 10(8): 560. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1799-3 .

[15]

LI YJ, CAO YL, FENG JX, et al. Structural insights of human mitofusin-2 into mitochondrial fusion and CMT2A onset[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 4914. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12912-0 .

[16]

OLICHON A, GUILLOU E, DELETTRE C, et al. Mitochondrial dynamics and disease, OPA1[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Mol Cell Res, 2006, 1763(5-6): 500-509. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.04.003 .

[17]

ZHANG DY, ZHANG Y, MA J, et al. Cryo-EM structures of S-OPA1 reveal its interactions with membrane and changes upon nucleotide binding[J]. eLife, 2020, 9: e50294. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.50294 .

[18]

BURRA P, BECCHETTI C, GERMANI G. NAFLD and liver transplantation: Disease burden, current management and future challenges[J]. JHEP Rep, 2020, 2(6): 100192. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100192 .

[19]

WANDERS RJA, VISSER G, FERDINANDUSSE S, et al. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders: Laboratory diagnosis, pathogenesis, and the complicated route to treatment[J]. J Lipid Atheroscler, 2020, 9(3): 313-333. DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.313 .

[20]

LAMANILAO GG, DOGAN M, PATEL PS, et al. Key hepatoprotective roles of mitochondria in liver regeneration[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2023, 324(3): G207-G218. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00220.2022 .

[21]

GOEDEKE L, PENG L, MONTALVO-ROMERAL V, et al. Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in dysmetabolic nonhuman primates[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2019, 11(512): eaay0284. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0284 .

[22]

BOLAND ML, LAKER RC, MATHER K, et al. Resolution of NASH and hepatic fibrosis by the GLP-1R/GcgR dual-agonist Cotadutide via modulating mitochondrial function and lipogenesis[J]. Nat Metab, 2020, 2(5): 413-431. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0209-6 .

[23]

WANG LX, ISHIHARA T, IBAYASHI Y, et al. Disruption of mitochondrial fission in the liver protects mice from diet-induced obesity and metabolic deterioration[J]. Diabetologia, 2015, 58(10): 2371-2380. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3704-7 .

[24]

GALLOWAY CA, LEE H, BROOKES PS, et al. Decreasing mitochondrial fission alleviates hepatic steatosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2014, 307(6): G632-G641. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00182.2014 .

[25]

ARIYOSHI K, NISHIYAMA K, KATO Y, et al. Inhibition of Drp1-filamin protein complex prevents hepatic lipid droplet accumulation by increasing mitochondria-lipid droplet contact[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(10): 5446. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105446 .

[26]

KOLIAKI C, SZENDROEDI J, KAUL K, et al. Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis[J]. Cell Metab, 2015, 21(5): 739-746. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.04.004 .

[27]

SATAPATI S, KUCEJOVA B, DUARTE JAG, et al. Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver[J]. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126(4): 1605. DOI: 10.1172/JCI86695 .

[28]

ZOU YT, ZHANG SY, YANG J, et al. Protective effects of astaxanthin on ochratoxin A-induced liver injury: Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial fission-fusion balance[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2024, 16(2): 68. DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020068 .

[29]

MA XW, DING WX. Reply: Loss of hepatic DRP1 exacerbates alcoholic hepatitis by inducing megamitochondria and mitochondrial maladaptation[J]. Hepatology, 2023, 78(4): E82-E83. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000541 .

[30]

HERNÁNDEZ-ALVAREZ MI, SEBASTIÁN D, VIVES S, et al. Deficient endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial phosphatidylserine transfer causes liver disease[J]. Cell, 2019, 177(4): 881-895. e17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.010 .

[31]

BACH D, PICH S, SORIANO FX, et al. Mitofusin-2 determines mitochondrial network architecture and mitochondrial metabolism. A novel regulatory mechanism altered in obesity[J]. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(19): 17190-17197. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M212754200 .

[32]

HERNÁNDEZ-ALVAREZ MI, THABIT H, BURNS N, et al. Subjects with early-onset type 2 diabetes show defective activation of the skeletal muscle PGC-1α/Mitofusin-2 regulatory pathway in response to physical activity[J]. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(3): 645-651. DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1305 .

[33]

KIM SJ, SYED GH, SIDDIQUI A. Hepatitis C virus induces the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and subsequent mitophagy[J]. PLoS Pathog, 2013, 9(3): e1003285. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003285 .

[34]

KIM SJ, SYED GH, KHAN M, et al. Hepatitis C virus triggers mitochondrial fission and attenuates apoptosis to promote viral persistence[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2014, 111(17): 6413-6418. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321114111 .

[35]

WANG L, WALTER P. Msp1/ATAD1 in protein quality control and regulation of synaptic activities[J]. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2020, 36: 141-164. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-031220-015840 .

[36]

ZHOU Q, YANG YH, XU ZX, et al. ATAD1 inhibits hepatitis C virus infection by removing the viral TA-protein NS5B from mitochondria[J]. EMBO Rep, 2023, 24(11): e56614. DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256614 .

[37]

KIM SJ, KHAN M, QUAN J, et al. Hepatitis B virus disrupts mitochondrial dynamics: Induces fission and mitophagy to attenuate apoptosis[J]. PLoS Pathog, 2013, 9(12): e1003722. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003722 .

[38]

SCHOLLMEIER A, BASIC M, GLITSCHER M, et al. The impact of HBx protein on mitochondrial dynamics and associated signaling pathways strongly depends on the hepatitis B virus genotype[J]. J Virol, 2024, 98(5): e0042424. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00424-24 .

[39]

QUE RY, SHEN YT, REN JL, et al. Estrogen receptor-β-dependent effects of saikosaponin-d on the suppression of oxidative stress-induced rat hepatic stellate cell activation[J]. Int J Mol Med, 2018, 41(3): 1357-1364. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3349 .

[40]

CUI JS, LI Z, ZHUANG SJ, et al. Melatonin alleviates inflammation-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via suppression of Ca2+-XO-ROS-Drp1-mitochondrial fission axis by activation of AMPK/SERCA2a pathway[J]. Cell Stress Chaperones, 2018, 23(2): 281-293. DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0841-6 .

[41]

LUO JT, SHEN S. Lipoic acid alleviates schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis by upregulating Drp1 phosphorylation[J]. Acta Trop, 2020, 206: 105449. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105449 .

[42]

ZHANG LZ, ZHANG YH, CHANG XX, et al. Imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics induced by low PGC-1α expression contributes to hepatocyte EMT and liver fibrosis[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2020, 11(4): 226. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2429-9 .

[43]

ZHOU YN, LONG D, ZHAO Y, et al. Oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial fission promotes hepatic stellate cell activation via stimulating oxidative phosphorylation[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2022, 13(8): 689. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05088-x .

[44]

SMITH-CORTINEZ N, van EUNEN K, HEEGSMA J, et al. Simultaneous induction of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during activation of hepatic stellate cells reveals novel mitochondrial targets to treat liver fibrosis[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(11): 2456. DOI: 10.3390/cells9112456 .

[45]

ZHU HZ, SHAN YQ, GE K, et al. Specific overexpression of mitofusin-2 in hepatic stellate cells ameliorates liver fibrosis in mice model[J]. Hum Gene Ther, 2020, 31(1-2): 103-109. DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.153 .

[46]

DASGUPTA A, CHEN KH, MUNK RB, et al. Mechanism of activation-induced downregulation of mitofusin 2 in human peripheral blood T cells[J]. J Immunol, 2015, 195(12): 5780-5786. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501023 .

[47]

CHEN G, LIU N, ZHOU A, et al. The role of hypertension-related gene in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from mice and rats[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2001, 114(8): 833-836.

[48]

WANG Y, JIANG XY, LIU L, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates hepatic stellate cell apoptosis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14(33): 5186-5191. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5186 .

[49]

JIA L, YANG Y, SUN F, et al. Mitochondrial quality control in liver fibrosis: Epigenetic hallmarks and therapeutic strategies[J]. Cell Signal, 2024, 115: 111035. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111035 .

[50]

TANG ML, YANG M, WU GY, et al. Epigenetic induction of mitochondrial fission is required for maintenance of liver cancer-initiating cells[J]. Cancer Res, 2021, 81(14): 3835-3848. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-0436 .

[51]

ZHENG XH, QIAN YB, FU BQ, et al. Mitochondrial fragmentation limits NK cell-based tumor immunosurveillance[J]. Nat Immunol, 2019, 20(12): 1656-1667. DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0511-1 .

[52]

LI SF, HAN SX, ZHANG Q, et al. FUNDC2 promotes liver tumorigenesis by inhibiting MFN1-mediated mitochondrial fusion[J]. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 3486. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31187-6 .

[53]

WANG X, LIU Y, SUN J, et al. Mitofusin-2 acts as biomarker for predicting poor prognosis in hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Infect Agent Cancer, 2018, 13: 36. DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0212-7 .

[54]

ABDEL-HAMID NM, ABASS SA, ELDOMANY RA, et al. Dual regulating of mitochondrial fusion and Timp-3 by leflunomide and diallyl disulfide combination suppresses diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular tumorigenesis in rats[J]. Life Sci, 2022, 294: 120369. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120369 .

基金资助

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (1089KB)

286

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/