体圆指数对代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生风险的预测价值

张琪振 ,  刘素彤 ,  张丽慧 ,  刘鸣昊

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2054 -2061.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2054 -2061. DOI: 10.12449/JCH251015
脂肪性肝病

体圆指数对代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生风险的预测价值

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Value of body roundness index in predicting the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

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摘要

目的 基于美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)数据库,系统评估体圆指数(BRI)与代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)风险的关联性,并探讨BRI作为非侵入性风险预测工具的临床应用价值。 方法 利用2015—2020年NHANES数据,将纳入人群(n=4 573)分为 MAFLD组(n=2 508)和non-MAFLD组(n=2 065),计算各参与者的BRI。为确保数据质量并减少异常值对分析结果的干扰,本研究采用箱线图方法对BRI进行异常值剔除,从而提高数据的稳健性。计量资料两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。为探讨BRI与MAFLD之间的关系,构建多重调整的Logistic回归模型。将BRI根据四分位数分为4组,以第1个四分位数(Q1)为参考并计算3个模型中的比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)。应用限制性立方样条分析探讨BRI与MAFLD之间的效应剂量关系。为评估BRI对MAFLD的诊断效能,绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线),并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。采用决策曲线分析评估模型在实际应用中的潜在临床价值。通过交互作用分析和亚组分析,探讨不同人群中BRI与MAFLD关联的差异。采用Lasso回归进行特征变量筛选与分析。 结果 与non-MAFLD组相比,MAFLD组受试者的BRI显著升高(Z=36.29,P<0.001)。在完全校正Logistic回归模型(调整年龄、性别、种族、受教育程度、贫困收入比、婚姻状况、吸烟状况、高血压、糖尿病、ALT、AST、GGT及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇等变量)中,BRI与MAFLD患病风险呈显著正相关(OR=2.53,95%CI:2.28~2.80,P<0.001)。此外,BRI最高四分位数(Q4)组MAFLD风险明显高于Q1组(OR=83.45,95%CI:51.87~134.26,P<0.001)。限制性立方样条分析进一步确认了BRI与MAFLD之间存在显著的非线性关系(P for nonlinear<0.001)。交互作用与亚组分析显示,高血压与BRI之间的交互作用具有统计学意义(P交互=0.003);与无高血压者相比,在高血压人群中,BRI与MAFLD的关联性更强(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.23~2.08,P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,以BRI为核心构建的完全校正模型在区分MAFLD与非MAFLD方面具有较高判别力,AUC为0.887(95%CI:0.877~0.896)。决策曲线分析显示,在临床常用的风险阈值0.10~0.75范围内,完全校正模型具有较好的净获益。Lasso回归筛选关键变量后建立的模型AUC为0.882(95%CI:0.872~0.892),验证了预测结果的稳定性。 结论 BRI与MAFLD风险存在显著的正向关联,且在高血压人群中相关性更强。BRI作为反映腹型肥胖和内脏脂肪积聚的体型指标,在MAFLD的风险评估中具有良好的应用前景。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the association between body roundness index (BRI) and the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, as well as the clinical value of BRI as a noninvasive tool for risk prediction. Methods Based on the NHANES data in 2015—2020, the 4 573 individuals were divided into MAFLD group with 2 508 individuals and non-MAFLD group with 2 065 individuals, and BRI was calculated for each individual. In order to ensure data quality and reduce the impact of abnormal values on analytical results, the boxplot method was used to remove abnormal levels of BRI and improve the robustness of data. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The multivariate Logistic regression model was established to investigate the association between BRI and MAFLD. BRI was divided into four groups based on quantiles, and with the first quantile (Q1) as reference, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for the other three models. Restricted cubic spline was used to investigate the dose-effect relationship between BRI and MAFLD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the efficacy of BRI in the diagnosis of MAFLD. The decision curve analysis was used to investigate the potential clinical value of the model in clinical practice. The interaction analysis and the subgroup analysis were performed to investigate the difference in the association between BRI and MAFLD between different populations. The Lasso regression analysis was conducted for the screening and analysis of characteristic variables. Results Compared with the non-MAFLD group, the MAFLD group had a significantly higher BRI (Z=36.29, P<0.001). After adjustment for the variables including age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, the proportion of individuals with poor income, marital status, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the fully adjusted Logistic regression model showed that BRI was significantly positively associated with the risk of MAFLD (OR=2.53, 95%CI: 2.28 — 2.80, P<0.001). In addition, the highest BRI quartile (Q4) group had a significantly higher risk of MAFLD than the lowest quartile (Q1) group (OR=83.45, 95%CI: 51.87 — 134.26, P<0.001). The restricted cubic spline analysis further confirmed the significant nonlinear association between BRI and MAFLD (P for nonlinear<0.001). The interaction analysis and the subgroup analysis showed that the interaction between hypertension and BRI had statistical significance (P for interaction=0.003), and compared with the individuals without hypertension, the individuals with hypertension had a stronger association between BRI and MAFLD (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.23 — 2.08, P<0.001). The ROC curve analysis showed that the fully adjusted model based on BRI had a strong discriminatory ability in differentiating MAFLD from non-MAFLD, with an AUC of 0.887 (95%CI: 0.877 — 0.896). The decision curve analysis showed that the fully adjusted model had good net benefits within the risk threshold of 0.10 — 0.75, which was commonly used in clinical practice. The model based on the key variables identified by the Lasso regression analysis had an AUC of 0.882 (95%CI: 0.872 — 0.892), which confirmed the robustness of the prediction results. Conclusion There is a significant positive correlation between BRI and the risk of MAFLD, with a stronger association observed in the hypertensive population. As a body index reflecting abdominal obesity and visceral fat accumulation, BRI shows promising application prospects in the risk assessment of MAFLD.

Graphical abstract

关键词

代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / 体圆指数 / 危险性评估

Key words

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Body Roundness Index / Risk Assessment

引用本文

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张琪振,刘素彤,张丽慧,刘鸣昊. 体圆指数对代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生风险的预测价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(10): 2054-2061 DOI:10.12449/JCH251015

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代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)是近年来在非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)基础上提出的更新概念1,旨在更精准地反映肝脂肪变性与代谢异常之间的本质关系。MAFLD强调“以代谢功能障碍为中心”的诊断模式,突破了NAFLD对饮酒量的过度依赖,纳入了肥胖、2型糖尿病及代谢紊乱等标准,更贴近临床实际2-3。MAFLD的全球患病率已达39.22%,以欧洲与亚洲地区最为显著,成为威胁全球公共健康的主要非传染性疾病之一4。MAFLD不仅是肝硬化及肝癌的重要风险因素,还与心血管疾病、慢性肾病、2型糖尿病等多种代谢相关疾病密切相关5。因此,探索简便、有效的评估工具以实现早期筛查和干预,是当前公共卫生领域的重要任务。
虽然身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)是目前常用的体型评估指标,并广泛用于肥胖风险评估,但是约六分之一的MAFLD患者表现为BMI正常,无明显肥胖特征,而身体成分检测结果显示该人群存在内脏脂肪比例升高等异常,提示其可能具有不良代谢相关身体构成,从而增加MAFLD及其相关疾病的风险6-7。一项大规模健康体检队列研究显示,体脂分布(内脏脂肪与皮下脂肪比值)与全因死亡率的相关性优于BMI8,提示更精确的脂肪分布评估指标可能对代谢性疾病的预测具有更高的临床价值。
近年来,体圆指数(body roundness index,BRI)作为一种新兴体脂评估工具,综合考虑身高(height,HT)与腰围(waist circumference,WC),可更全面地反映内脏脂肪分布情况9。内脏脂肪面积被认为是评估腹部肥胖最可靠且重复性良好的指标之一,而内脏脂肪的过度积聚则是MAFLD发生与进展的关键危险因素。BRI不仅可反映内脏脂肪分布,而且在评估心脏疾病10、肾脏疾病11和癌症12等风险方面优于其他人体测量指标。
尽管已有文献探讨BRI与NAFLD的关系,但围绕BRI在MAFLD人群中的预测效能仍缺乏系统研究。此外,BRI与MAFLD之间是否在不同亚群中存在效应差异也有待进一步探讨。故本研究基于美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)全国代表性样本,系统分析BRI与MAFLD之间的关系,进一步评估BRI在疾病诊断与风险预测中的临床应用价值,以期为MAFLD的早期筛查提供理论依据和策略支持。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

利用2015—2020年NHANES数据,包含人口统计、体检、实验室检测和问卷信息,将纳入人群分为MAFLD组和non-MAFLD组。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)至少有一项肝脂肪变性评估数据[受控衰减参数(controlled attenuation parameter,CAP)或脂肪肝指数(fatty liver index,FLI)]。排除标准:(1)缺失关键数据,例如BMI、HT、WC、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)、高敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,Hs-CRP)等;(2)数据缺失无法完成MAFLD诊断者。

1.2 MAFLD诊断标准

依据2020年国际专家共识,将MAFLD诊断标准定义为肝脂肪变性合并代谢异常2。通过影像学或生物标志物确认肝脏脂肪积聚≥5%,并合并下列代谢异常之一:2型糖尿病、代谢风险异常、超重或肥胖。其中代谢风险异常表现为:(1)白人男性和女性WC>102/88 cm,亚洲男性和女性WC>90/80 cm;(2)血压>130/85 mmHg或使用降压药物;(3)血浆TG>150 mg/dL(>1.7 mmol/L)或使用相关药物;(4)血浆HDL-C,男性<40 mg/dL(<1.0 mmol/L),女性<50 mg/dL(<1.3 mmol/L),或使用相关药物;(5)糖尿病前期,FBG 100~125 mg/dL或2 h后血糖140~199 mg/dL,或HbA1c为5.7%~6.4%;(6)胰岛素抵抗评分>2.5;(7)血浆Hs-CRP>2 mg/L。

1.3 肝脂肪变性评估方法

本研究中采用不同周期数据分别构建脂肪变性定义:对于2015—2016年数据,FLI≥60分提示肝脂肪变性13,FLI=[e0.953×ln(TG)+0.139×BMI+0.718×ln(GGT)+0.053×WC-15.745]/[1+e0.953×ln(TG)+0.139×BMI+0.718×ln(GGT)+0.053×WC-15.745]×100,其中,WC以厘米(cm)为单位;对于2017—2020年数据,依据肝脏CAP≥238 dB/m判断存在肝脂肪变性14

1.4 协变量与主要自变量评估

协变量包括人口学特征[年龄、性别、种族、教育程度、婚姻状态、贫困收入比(poverty-income ratio,PIR)]、生活方式因素(吸烟状况、药物使用情况)和临床健康指标(血糖状态、血压水平、肝功能、生化指标)等。人口学与行为数据来源于NHANES标准化问卷,生化指标由实验室检测获得。种族分为墨西哥裔美国人、非西班牙裔白人、非西班牙裔黑人及其他种族。教育程度分为高中以下学历、高中或同等学历以及高中以上学历。收入分为低水平(PIR<1.30)、中等水平(PIR 1.30~3.50)和高水平(PIR>3.50)15。婚姻状况分为已婚/与伴侣同居、离婚/分居/丧偶、从未结婚。吸烟状况分为从未吸烟、既往吸烟或当前吸烟。吸烟总数少于100支香烟的参与者被归为从未吸烟;吸烟总数超过100支但当前不吸烟被归为既往吸烟;吸烟总数超过100支且回答当前吸烟被归为当前吸烟。

根据美国糖尿病协会的标准,糖尿病定义为符合以下任一标准:FBG≥126 mg/dL,HbA1c≥6.5%,自述被临床医生诊断为糖尿病,或正在使用胰岛素/药物治疗降低血糖16。高血压被定义为血压超过130/85 mmHg或开始特定药物治疗。

1.5 BRI计算方法

BRI=364.2-365.5×1-WC ÷ 2π0.5 × HT2,其中WC和HT均以厘米(cm)为单位。

1.6 统计学方法

在本研究中,所有分析均考虑了NHANES的复杂调查设计,并纳入了加权变量。通过R软件(版本4.4.1)和决策链软件(版本1.1.5.8,由杭州猿通信息科技有限公司独立运行)对数据进行提取、合并、清理及分析。

为确保数据质量并减少异常值对分析结果的干扰,本研究采用箱线图方法对BRI进行异常值剔除17,从而提高数据的稳健性。

采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验方法评估数据分布特征。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以MP25P75),两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。

为探讨BRI与MAFLD之间的关系,构建多重调整的Logistic回归模型。将BRI根据四分位数分为4组,以第1个四分位数(Q1)为参考并计算3个模型中的比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)。

此外,应用限制性立方样条分析探讨BRI与MAFLD之间的效应剂量关系。为评估BRI对MAFLD的诊断效能,绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线),并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。采用决策曲线分析评估模型在实际应用中的潜在临床价值。通过交互作用分析和亚组分析,探讨不同人群中BRI与MAFLD关联的差异。采用Lasso回归进行特征变量筛选与分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基线特征

共纳入4 573例符合条件的成人参与者,其中MAFLD组2 508例,non-MAFLD组2 065例。与non-MAFLD组相比,MAFLD组受试者的年龄、BRI、ALT、AST、GGT、糖尿病和高血压的患病率均增高,而HDL-C水平下降,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)(表1)。

2.2 BRI与MAFLD之间的关联

通过Logistic回归模型评估BRI与MAFLD之间的关联性。在未调整变量的模型1中,BRI与MAFLD呈正相关(OR=2.66,P<0.001);在调整所有变量的模型3中,BRI与MAFLD之间的正向关联仍然存在(OR=2.53,P<0.001)。将BRI按四分位数分组后进一步分析,所有模型中均观察到BRI与MAFLD风险呈现一致且显著的正向趋势。在模型3中,与最低四分位组(Q1)相比,Q2、Q3、Q4组的MAFLD患病风险逐渐升高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)(表2)。

2.3 BRI与MAFLD风险的剂量-反应关系

为进一步探索BRI与MAFLD风险之间的潜在非线性关系,在调整所有协变量后,使用限制性立方样条分析发现,BRI与MAFLD之间存在显著的非线性关系(P for nonlinear<0.001)(图1)。

2.4 交互作用和亚组分析

为进一步评估BRI在不同人群中的作用,本研究在Logistic回归模型中引入交互项,并开展亚组分析,系统展示各协变量分层下BRI与MAFLD关联强度及其交互作用。结果显示,仅BRI与高血压之间的交互作用具有统计学意义(P交互=0.003)。与无高血压者相比,在高血压人群中,BRI与MAFLD的关联性更强(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.23~2.08,P<0.001),提示高血压状态可能影响BRI与MAFLD风险之间的关系。其余协变量亚组中均未观察到统计学显著的交互作用(P交互均>0.05)(表3)。

2.5 基于BRI构建MAFLD预测模型的性能评估

以BRI为核心预测变量构建包含全部协变量的完全校正模型,并基于该模型计算预测概率,绘制ROC曲线评估其预测价值。结果显示,该模型的AUC为0.887(95%CI:0.877~0.896)(图2a),具有良好的判别效能。为进一步评估模型在不同风险阈值下的临床实用性,绘制决策曲线(图2b),结果表明,在风险阈值0.10~0.75范围内,完全校正模型具有较好的净获益。

2.6 变量筛选与稳健性分析

为进一步筛选影响MAFLD风险的关键变量及验证模型的稳健性,本研究将与完全校正模型一致的14个变量纳入Lasso回归分析(图3a)。通过10折交叉验证,以deviance为损失函数筛选最优λ值[log(λ-min)=-7.925](图3b),最终获得6个非零系数的主要变量(年龄、BRI、ALT、AST、GGT、HDL-C)。基于这6个变量构建的模型AUC为0.882(95%CI:0.872~0.892),预测性能与完全校正模型结果相近(图3c)。

3 讨论

本研究基于美国NHANES数据,系统评估了BRI与MAFLD之间的关联,发现BRI与MAFLD存在显著正向关联;即使在纳入多个协变量构建的完全校正模型中,BRI与MAFLD的关联仍然稳健。进一步亚组分析显示,BRI与MAFLD的正向关联在高血压人群中更为突出。

本研究结果与既往关于MAFLD和BRI的研究相一致18。虽然MAFLD的定义有别于传统NAFLD,但是二者在流行病学特征和代谢危险因素上高度重叠。Jiang等19和Zhao等20基于NHANES数据的研究发现BRI水平升高显著增加NAFLD患病风险,且在多因素调整后,该相关性依然稳健。

在模型预测性能方面,基于完全校正模型的AUC为0.887;通过Lasso回归筛选出的6个主要变量构建的模型AUC为0.882,进一步验证了模型的稳健性及BRI的独立预测价值。近年来,研究发现BRI诊断和预测NAFLD的效能优于传统指标(如BMI、WC),并能够更好地反映肝脏脂肪变性的严重程度,表明其在评估NAFLD进展风险中具有潜在价值21-22。在人群异质性方面,女性亚组分析显示BRI的预测能力依然稳定23,提示其在人群分层应用中的可行性。此外,近期一项纳入近6万例受试者的系统评价与荟萃分析进一步证实了BRI在NAFLD筛查中的临床实用性24。与传统体型指标相比,BRI基于WC与HT的比例,通过几何建模,能够更准确地反映腹部脂肪的分布形态,尤其对内脏脂肪向心性聚集的表征能力更强9。作为腹部脂肪的主要成分,内脏脂肪主要分布于腹腔内,环绕脏器。相关研究显示,在2型糖尿病患者中,BRI预测内脏脂肪面积的AUC超过0.9,进一步证明其对内脏脂肪积累具有良好的评估效能25

中心性肥胖即腹型肥胖,以腹部脂肪堆积为主,呈“苹果型”体型,与内脏脂肪积累密切相关。研究表明,内脏脂肪的增加可导致胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常及慢性炎症26,这些代谢异常正是MAFLD发生与进展的重要机制。此外,内脏脂肪分解产生的游离脂肪酸也可通过门静脉直接进入肝脏,促进肝脏炎症反应及脂肪沉积27。内脏脂肪组织可分泌多种促炎因子(如肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6、C反应蛋白)和脂肪因子(如瘦素、抵抗素),这些物质通过血液循环激活全身性炎症,促进胰岛素抵抗和代谢紊乱,成为MAFLD等代谢相关疾病的重要机制基础28-30

本研究中的进一步交互作用分析提示,在高血压人群中,BRI与MAFLD的正向关联性更为显著,这种情况可能与该人群存在更严重的内脏脂肪积聚相关。已有研究发现内脏脂肪的堆积与高血压之间呈正相关31,这与过多的内脏脂肪分布常伴随激素、炎症和内皮功能障碍的改变有关32,肥胖人群体内肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统相关激素水平普遍升高,同时伴随更高的交感神经活性,表现为血浆去甲肾上腺素水平升高及静息心率增加。上述机制共同促进了肥胖相关高血压和靶器官损伤的发生与进展33-34。此外,内脏脂肪组织的积累还与氧化应激密切相关,超重和肥胖受试者的抗氧化酶活性较正常人群显著降低,导致其活性氧增加,进而诱导T淋巴细胞的激活35-36,直接引起内皮细胞功能障碍和肾损伤,该机制也在动物模型中被验证37

尽管本研究基于大样本的全国性数据,但仍存在一定局限性。首先,NHANES为横断面调查,无法推断因果关系;其次,MAFLD的定义依赖于CAP和FLI,可能存在一定的误分类风险,应联合影像学检查(如MRI或CT)或基于人工智能的图像算法进行验证,以提高诊断准确性和临床实用性。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81904154)

国家自然科学基金(82205086)

河南省科技攻关计划(242102310500)

河南省“双一流”创建学科中医学科学研究专项(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-10)

河南省科技研发计划联合基金(优势学科培育类)(242301420096)

河南省科技研发计划联合基金(优势学科培育类)(242301420021)

河南省卫生健康委员会中医药传承创新专项(2023ZXZX1162)

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