Wilson病肝硬化并发肌肉减少症的危险因素及其对临床结局的影响

王玮琦 ,  魏涛华 ,  钱南南 ,  杨文明 ,  杨玉龙 ,  宋宇琪 ,  郝文杰 ,  杨悦 ,  席虎 ,  何伟

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2075 -2081.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2075 -2081. DOI: 10.12449/JCH251018
肝纤维化及肝硬化

Wilson病肝硬化并发肌肉减少症的危险因素及其对临床结局的影响

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Risk factors for sarcopenia in patients with Wilson’s disease-related liver cirrhosis and their impact on clinical outcomes

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摘要

目的 研究Wilson病肝硬化患者中肌肉减少症的发生情况,探讨肌肉减少症发生的危险因素及其对临床结局的影响。 方法 纳入2019年1月—2020年6月在安徽中医药大学第一附属医院接受治疗的140例Wilson病肝硬化患者,根据第三腰椎骨骼肌质量指数(L3 SMI)将患者分为肌肉减少症组和无肌肉减少症组。对纳入患者进行营养风险筛查、人体测量、血生化指标检测,比较两组相关指标的差异,筛选并发肌肉减少症的影响因素。随访36~48个月,比较两组患者生存状况、并发症发生情况。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用成组t检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验或Mann-Whitney U秩和检验。采用二元Logistic回归分析肌肉减少症的影响因素;通过单因素及多因素Cox回归分析影响Wilson病肝硬化患者预后的危险因素,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较组间生存情况。 结果 Wilson病肝硬化中并发肌肉减少症患者53例(37.9%),其身体质量指数(BMI)和L3 SMI明显低于无肌肉减少症患者(t值分别为10.550、3.982,P值均<0.001)。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,Wilson病肝硬化患者并发肌肉减少症的主要影响因素为年龄(OR=2.243,95%CI:1.196~4.208,P=0.012)、性别(OR=0.450,95%CI:0.232~0.872,P=0.018)、BMI(OR=0.126,95%CI:0.089~0.294,P<0.001)、肝性脑病(OR=8.367,95%CI:2.423~28.897,P<0.001)。并发肌肉减少症患者的病死率(χ2=6.158,P=0.019)以及感染(χ2=8.008,P=0.040)、反复腹/胸腔积液(χ2=17.742,P<0.001)、肝性脑病(χ2=4.338,P=0.039)的发生率均高于无肌肉减少症者,差异均有统计学意义。多因素Cox回归分析显示,肌肉减少症(HR=4.685,P=0.002)和肝性脑病(HR=19.156,P<0.001)为影响Wilson病肝硬化患者死亡的独立危险因素。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示,并发肌肉减少症的患者生存率显著下降(P=0.003)。 结论 肌肉减少症是Wilson病肝硬化患者营养不良的表现之一,其病死率、其他并发症的发生风险升高,对预后产生不良影响。男性患者、并发肝性脑病、BMI水平越低、年龄越大,肌肉减少症的发生风险越高。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the incidence rate of sarcopenia in patients with Wilson’s disease (WD)-related liver cirrhosis, as well as the risk factors for sarcopenia and their impact on clinical outcomes. Methods A total of 140 patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis who were treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine from January 2019 to June 2020, and according to the third lumbar skeletal muscle mass index (L3 SMI), the patients were divided into sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia group. Nutritional risk screening, anthropometric measurements, and blood biochemical tests were performed for the patients to identify the influencing factors for sarcopenia. The patients were followed up for 36 — 48 months, and survival status and complications were compared between the two groups. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test were used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. A binary Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for sarcopenia, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was plotted, and the Log-rank test was used for comparison between groups. Results Among the 140 patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis, 53 (37.9%) developed sarcopenia, with significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and L3 SMI than the patients without sarcopenia (t=10.550 and 3.982, both P<0.001). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR]=2.243, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.196 — 4.208, P=0.012), sex (OR=0.450, 95%CI: 0.232 — 0.872, P=0.018), BMI (OR=0.126, 95%CI: 0.089 — 0.294, P<0.001), and hepatic encephalopathy (OR=8.367, 95%CI: 2.423 — 28.897, P<0.001) were the main influencing factors for sarcopenia in patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis. Compared with the non-sarcopenia group, the sarcopenia group had significantly higher mortality rate (χ2=6.158, P=0.019) and significantly higher incidence rates of infection (χ2=8.008, P=0.040), recurrent abdominal/pleural efflux (χ2=17.742, P<0.001), and hepatic encephalopathy (χ2=4.338, P=0.039). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR]=4.685, P=0.002) and hepatic encephalopathy (HR=19.156, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for death in patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed a significant reduction in survival rate in the patients with sarcopenia (P=0.003). Conclusion Sarcopenia is one of the manifestations of malnutrition in patients with WD-related liver cirrhosis, which increases the risk of mortality and other complications and has an adverse effect on prognosis. There is an increased risk of sarcopenia in male patients or patients with hepatic encephalopathy, a lower level of BMI or an older age.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝豆状核变性 / 肝硬化 / 肌减少症 / 危险因素

Key words

Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Liver Cirrhosis / Sarcopenia / Risk Factors

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王玮琦,魏涛华,钱南南,杨文明,杨玉龙,宋宇琪,郝文杰,杨悦,席虎,何伟. Wilson病肝硬化并发肌肉减少症的危险因素及其对临床结局的影响[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(10): 2075-2081 DOI:10.12449/JCH251018

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肌肉减少症是一种由骨骼肌质量减少和力量下降并伴随人体功能减退的病理状态,欧洲肌肉减少症工作组将肌肉减少症界定为一种进展性和全身性的骨骼肌疾病,其与临床不良预后的出现密切相关1-2。长期以来,衰老被视为肌肉减少症的主要危险因素2。但随着对肌肉减少症病理机制研究的不断深入,慢性肝病也被发现是导致肌肉减少症发病的重要因素3。研究表明,约40%的肝硬化患者并发肌肉减少症4,它是慢性肝病的常见并发症5。肝脏影响全身营养供应,对器官间物质的运输代谢至关重要。Wilson病(Wilson’s disease,WD)患者因铜代谢异常,导致体内组织器官尤其是肝脏中铜过量沉积,最终导致肝硬化的发生6。WD肝硬化患者是否存在肌肉减少症,肌肉减少症对WD肝硬化患者的预后有何影响,目前尚未见报道。本文拟观察肌肉减少症在WD肝硬化患者中的发生情况,并探讨相关危险因素及其对临床结局的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2019年1月—2020年6月在安徽中医药大学第一附属医院接受治疗的WD肝硬化患者,随访36~48个月。入选标准:年龄≥18岁,且符合《中国肝豆状核变性诊治指南2021》7中WD诊断标准及《肝硬化诊治指南》8中确诊肝硬化的标准。排除标准:(1)合并自身免疫性、药物性、酒精性肝病等;(2)合并病毒性肝炎、HIV感染等;(3)不能正常配合调查与检测的患者。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 营养风险评估

使用NRS-2002筛查有营养不良风险的患者,从以下3个方面进行评估:一是患者的营养状况受损评分;二是疾病的严重程度评分;三是年龄评分。通过3个维度的综合评估,得出NRS-2002的总分。若总分≥3分,则表明患者存在营养风险;若总分<3分,则表示患者无营养风险9

1.2.2 人体测量指标

依据患者身高及体质量,计算身体质量指数(BMI),BMI=体质量(kg)/身高(m)²。

1.2.3 第三腰椎骨骼肌质量指数(L3 SMI)

选取第三腰椎间盘平面成像,设定亨斯菲尔德单位阈值(-29 HU~150 HU)识别骨骼肌,利用slice-O-matic软件计算第三腰椎层面的骨骼肌群横截面积总和。将该值除以个体身高的平方(cm²/m²),从而获得L3 SMI510

1.2.4 实验室检查指标

清晨空腹时采集患者静脉血,行血常规及生化指标的测定,包括血红蛋白(Hb)、血清总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(Alb)等。

1.2.5 肌肉减少症的判定及分组

根据CT测定结果:男性L3 SMI低于42 cm²/m²、女性L3 SMI低于38 cm²/m²为肌肉减少症的诊断标准11。基于此标准,将纳入患者分为无肌肉减少症和并发肌肉减少症。

1.2.6 随访

随访观察至2024年6月,其间详细记录患者生存/死亡情况以及感染等并发症发生情况;感染包括尿路感染、胆道感染、腹腔感染以及感染部位不明等12

1.3 统计学方法

使用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用成组t检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验或Mann-Whitney U秩和检验。采用二元Logistic回归分析肌肉减少症的影响因素;通过单因素及多因素Cox回归分析影响WD肝硬化患者预后的危险因素,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较组间生存情况。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 WD肝硬化患者肌肉减少症的发生情况

根据纳入及排除标准,共纳入符合要求的患者140例,试验流程见图1;其中男75例,女65例,平均(40.10±11.81)岁。并发肌肉减少症患者有53例(37.9%),其中男31例,女22例,平均(45.3±11.1)岁。WD肝硬化并发肝性脑病(HE)患者18例,其中患有肌肉减少症12例(66.7%);WD肝硬化并发胸/腹水患者77例,其中患有肌肉减少症30例(39.0%);WD肝硬化并发食管/胃底静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)患者118例,其中患有肌肉减少症42例(35.6%)。在不同Child-Pugh分级的患者中,肌肉减少症患病存在显著差异(P<0.05)(表1)。

140例患者中121例(86.4%)存在营养风险,其中50例(41.3%)患有肌肉减少症;19例(13.6%)无营养风险,其中3例(15.8%)患有肌肉减少症;存在营养风险的患者中肌肉减少症患病率显著高于无营养风险者(P<0.05)。同时,并发肌肉减少症患者的BMI和L3 SMI低于无肌肉减少症患者,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001);而TP、Alb、Hb水平在2组间均未见显著差异(P值均>0.05)(表1图2)。

2.2 WD肝硬化患者发生肌肉减少症的影响因素分析

以是否并发肌肉减少症作为因变量,将年龄、性别、Child-Pugh分级、营养状况、BMI、Alb以及并发症作为自变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果显示,年龄、性别、BMI、并发症HE是WD肝硬化患者并发肌肉减少症的独立影响因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。

2.3 肌肉减少症对WD肝硬化患者临床结局的影响

随访期间并发肌肉减少症组与无肌肉减少症组分别有13例和7例患者死亡,其中3例死于感染,5例死于多脏器衰竭,7例死于肝衰竭,5例死于上消化道出血。存活的患者中,25例并发感染,25例并发HE,91例并发EV,58例患者反复出现胸/腹水。肌肉减少症患者病死率显著高于无肌肉减少症患者(P<0.05);其并发感染、反复胸/腹水、HE的发生率均高于无肌肉减少症者,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表3)。

多因素Cox回归分析显示,肌肉减少症和HE为影响WD肝硬化患者死亡的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05)(表4)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示,肌肉减少症与WD肝硬化患者生存率显著关联(P=0.003)(图3)。

3 讨论

WD是一种由ATP7B基因突变导致金属P型ATP酶功能缺陷的铜代谢障碍性疾病。正常情况下金属P型ATP酶促进肝细胞内铜离子的跨膜运输,其功能缺陷导致铜离子的排出减少、肝细胞内铜过量蓄积,进而引发肝细胞损伤和死亡,逐渐进展为肝纤维化,最终发展为肝硬化,甚至肝功能衰竭13

肌肉减少症是肝硬化的常见并发症,对肝硬化患者的临床结局有显著不良影响。本研究中WD肝硬化患者并发肌肉减少症的比例为37.9%,平均年龄为(45.3±11.1)岁,提示肌肉减少症在WD肝硬化患者中呈现出年轻化的特征。既往关于肌肉减少症的一项纵向分析结果显示,肝硬化患者肌肉减少症的发病年龄约为60岁4,欧洲肌肉减少症工作组也将肌肉减少症描述为一种好发于老年人的疾病1-2。分析肌肉减少症在WD肝硬化患者中呈现出年轻化特征的原因,一方面可能是WD患者铜代谢障碍,过量的铜在体内沉积,导致氧化应激途径抑制骨骼肌蛋白质合成14,另外铜过载可直接启动ULK1/2(UNC-51样激酶 1/2)介导过度自噬15,并诱导Opa1(视神经萎缩蛋白 1)、Mfn1(线粒体融合素 1)、Mfn2(线粒体融合素2)蛋白缺失,促进线粒体分裂导致肌肉萎缩16。另一方面,WD多在儿童和青少年时期发病17,约半数WD患者在典型临床表现出现前就已经发生了严重的肝硬化18,肝脏较早受到累及,因此,WD患者并发肝硬化的年龄相对较早,这可能使得肌肉减少症的发病年龄提前。进一步数据分析显示,WD肝硬化并发HE的患者中肌肉减少症患病率最高,达66.7%,这一比例高于并发胸/腹水者(39.0%)。多因素Logistic回归分析也显示,HE是发生肌肉减少症的主要危险因素之一。其原因可能是并发HE患者血液中血氨浓度升高,进而促进肌肉自噬,减少肌肉蛋白合成19。另一方面,当肝功能受损时,骨骼肌代谢是维持氨稳态的重要代偿途径,骨骼肌代谢功能可以将氨转化为谷氨酰胺通过肾脏排出。在肌肉减少症患者中,由于肌肉质量的缺乏和肌肉功能的减退,骨骼肌代偿功能下降或者丧失,从而增加了并发HE的风险20-23。二者互相影响,相互促进。

本研究显示有营养风险的患者肌肉减少症发生率为41.3%,无营养风险的患者肌肉减少症发生率为15.8%,有营养风险患者肌肉减少症患病率明显高于无营养风险者(P<0.05)。肝硬化患者由于肝糖原损耗、非氧化性葡萄糖代谢受损、蛋白质合成减少以及激素紊乱等因素,肌肉的合成和分解失衡,增加了肌肉减少症发生的风险24-26。这些肝硬化所导致的病理变化会对患者的营养状况产生不良影响,尤其是在已经出现肌肉减少症的患者中。此外,鉴于肌肉减少症对预后和临床结局的不良影响,对于无明确营养风险患者,也要重视对肌肉减少症的预防。

研究表明,肌肉减少症在男性及BMI较低者中更为常见27。本研究多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性并发肌肉减少症的风险是男性的0.45倍。这一现象或许与男性体内脂肪含量普遍低于女性这一生理特点密切相关。在身体消耗能量时,脂肪可以作为能量来源,从而避免过度消耗骨骼肌28。此外,男女性激素的差异也有一定的影响,肝硬化男性患者的睾酮水平下降,而睾酮是肌肉合成与维持的关键刺激因素29。有研究指出,低BMI是患者发生肌肉减少症的危险因素之一30。本研究结果也显示BMI是WD肝硬化患者并发肌肉减少症的影响因素,BMI越低,发生肌肉减少症的风险越高。

肌肉减少症与肝硬化预后紧密相关,对患者的生活质量产生不利影响。肌肉减少症是肝硬化患者多种不良临床结局的独立危险因素3-431-32。Yoshiji等30研究显示,并发肌肉减少症预示肝硬化感染性并发症的发生风险显著升高,而且与肝移植术后的不良预后关系密切。Wijarnpreecha等33研究显示,与未并发肌肉减少症患者相比,肌肉减少症住院患者在入院时或入院后1年内发生HE的概率显著增加。本研究结果也表明,WD肝硬化并发肌肉减少症患者病死率以及胸/腹水、感染、HE的发生率均显著高于无肌肉减少症患者(P值均<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,肌肉减少症为影响WD肝硬化患者预后的危险因素(HR=4.685,P=0.002)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示,并发肌肉减少症的WD肝硬化患者的生存率显著下降,进一步证实了肌肉减少症对WD肝硬化临床结局存在不良影响。

综上,本研究表明肌肉减少症是WD肝硬化患者的一种常见并发症。对于WD肝硬化的患者,年龄增长、男性、低BMI以及并发HE,都会增加罹患肌肉减少症的风险。因此,对WD肝硬化患者,尤其是年龄偏大、男性、低BMI以及并发HE者,在制订治疗方案时,临床医生应提供充分的营养支持。同时,对于已经确诊肌肉减少症的WD肝硬化患者,要加强对胸/腹水、感染和HE等并发症的防治。然而,本研究作为回顾性研究且样本量偏小,可能导致统计效力不足及潜在选择偏倚,未来应着重于开展更为细致的前瞻性研究,全面审视肌肉质量和功能的改变对WD肝硬化患者并发症发生及预后产生的影响,并深入探讨营养支持治疗在WD肝硬化防治中的作用。

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