慢加急性肝衰竭患者预后预测评分表的构建及验证

毕占虎 ,  胡海峰 ,  杜虹 ,  王临旭 ,  杨晓飞 ,  丁一迪 ,  连建奇

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2102 -2109.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10) : 2102 -2109. DOI: 10.12449/JCH251021
其他肝病

慢加急性肝衰竭患者预后预测评分表的构建及验证

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Construction and validation of a novel prognostic risk scoring table for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

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摘要

目的 探讨慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)患者的临床特征,构建一种能够在早期准确预测患者预后的风险评分表。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月1日—2020年12月31日空军军医大学唐都医院收治的502例ACLF患者的临床资料(训练集),筛选与入院28天病死率相关的影响因素。将2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日空军军医大学唐都医院收治的69例ACLF患者作为验证集。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。应用单因素Cox回归初步筛选与ACLF患者入院28天预后相关的预测指标,使用方差膨胀因子对预测指标进行多重共线性分析,通过多因素Cox回归分析构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型。基于构建方程中各项指标的回归系数β及列线图中各项指标的权重,建立ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表。分别在训练集中对ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型、ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表及其他评分模型[包括Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分、终末期肝病模型(MELD)、终末期肝病模型钠(MELD-Na)、终末期肝病综合模型(iMELD)]进行内部验证和比较,在验证集中对ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表和其他评分模型进行外部验证并综合评价。使用Nagelkerke R2和Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评价ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型、ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表及其他评分模型的拟合度,并绘制拟合曲线。使用C指数评价ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表与其他评分模型的区分度,并应用Z检验比较不同模型间C指数的差异。使用决策曲线分析(DCA)比较ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表和其他评分模型的临床获益。 结果 多因素Cox回归分析确定年龄(HR=1.027,95%CI:1.015~1.039,P<0.001)、肝性脑病分级(1级:HR=2.928,95%CI:1.463~5.858,P=0.002;2级:HR=3.811,95%CI:2.078~6.988,P<0.001;3级:HR=3.916,95%CI:1.917~8.001,P<0.001;4级:HR=6.966,95%CI:4.559~10.644,P<0.001)、TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L(HR=1.771,95%CI:1.248~2.513,P=0.001)、肌酐(HR=1.005,95%CI:1.004~1.006,P<0.001)、中性粒细胞计数(HR=1.092,95%CI:1.060~1.126,P<0.001)、国际标准化比值(HR=1.298,95%CI:1.187~1.418,P<0.001)是与ACLF患者入院28天病死率显著相关的独立危险因素,构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表。Nagelkerke R2检验结果显示,在训练集和验证集中,ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表的R2值分别为0.599和0.722,高于CTP评分、MELD、MELD-Na和iMELD。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示,在训练集和验证集中,ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表的P值分别为0.280和0.788。C指数分析结果显示,在训练集中,评分表的C指数高于CTP评分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);在验证集中,评分表的C指数高于其他模型评分,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)。DCA结果显示,使用ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表较其他评分模型的临床净获益高。 结论 与目前临床使用的其他评分模型相比,基于年龄、肝性脑病分级、TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L、肌酐、中性粒细胞计数和国际标准化比值6个预测因素所构建的ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表对ACLF患者入院28天预后具有较高的预测价值。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and to construct a risk scoring table that can accurately predict the prognosis of patients in the early stage. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 502 patients with ACLF who were admitted to Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020 (training set), and the influencing factors for 28-day mortality rate were identified. The 69 ACLF patients who were admitted to Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, from January 1 to December 31, 2021 were enrolled as the validation set. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. A univariate Cox regression analysis was used to obtain the early warning indicators associated with the 28-day prognosis of ACLF patients, and variance inflation factors were used to assess multicollinearity among predictors; a multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct a risk model for ACLF prognosis (mortality). A risk scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) was developed based on regression coefficients (β) from the model equation and weight assignments in the nomogram. Internal validation and comparison were performed for the risk model for ACLF prognosis (mortality), the scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality), and other scoring models (Child-Turcotte-Pugh [CTP] score, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD] score, MELD combined with serum sodium concentration [MELD-Na] score, and integrated MELD [iMELD] score) in the training set, while external validation and comprehensive evaluation of the scoring table and the other scoring models were performed in the validation set. The Nagelkerke’s R2 test and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to assess the degree of fitting of the risk model for ACLF prognosis (mortality), the scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality), and other scoring models, and fitting curves were plotted. C-index was used to assess the discriminatory ability of the scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) and the other scoring models, and the Z-test was used for comparison of C-index between different models. The decision curve analysis was used to compare the clinical benefits of the scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) and the other scoring models. Results The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age (hazard ratio [HR]=1.027, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.015 — 1.039, P<0.001), hepatic encephalopathy grade (grade 1: HR=2.928, 95%CI: 1.463 — 5.858, P=0.002; grade 2: HR=3.811, 95%CI: 2.078 — 6.988, P<0.001; grade 3: HR=3.916, 95%CI: 1.917 — 8.001, P<0.001; grade 4: HR=6.966, 95%CI: 4.559 — 10.644, P<0.001), an increase in total bilirubin (TBil) by ≥17.1 μmol/L per day (HR=1.771, 95%CI: 1.248 — 2.513, P=0.001), creatinine (HR=1.005, 95%CI: 1.004 — 1.006, P<0.001), neutrophil count (HR=1.092, 95%CI: 1.060 — 1.126, P<0.001), and international normalized ratio (HR=1.298, 95%CI: 1.187 — 1.418, P<0.001) were independent risk factors associated with the 28-day mortality rate of ACLF patients, and a risk scoring table was constructed for ACLF prognosis (mortality). The Nagelkerke’s R2 test showed that the risk scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) had an R2 value of 0.599 in the training set and 0.722 in the validation set, which were higher than the R2 values of CTP, MELD, MELD-Na, and iMELD scores. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the risk scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) had a P value of 0.280 in the training set and 0.788 in the validation set. The C-index analysis showed that the scoring table had a higher C-index than the other scoring models in the validation set (all P<0.001), as well as a higher C-index than CTP score in the training set (P<0.001). The decision curve analysis showed that the risk scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) had higher clinical net benefits than the other scoring models. Conclusion Compared with other scoring models currently used in clinical practice, the novel risk scoring table for ACLF prognosis (mortality) constructed based on the six predictive factors of age, hepatic encephalopathy grade, an increase in TBil by ≥17.1 μmol/L per day, creatinine, neutrophil count, and international normalized ratio has a relatively high value in predicting the 28-day prognosis of ACLF patients.

Graphical abstract

关键词

慢加急性肝功能衰竭 / 比例危险度模型 / 预后 / 危险因素

Key words

Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure / Proportional Hazards Models / Prognosis / Risk Factors

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毕占虎,胡海峰,杜虹,王临旭,杨晓飞,丁一迪,连建奇. 慢加急性肝衰竭患者预后预测评分表的构建及验证[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(10): 2102-2109 DOI:10.12449/JCH251021

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慢加急性肝衰竭(acute-on-chronic liver failure,ACLF)是一种在慢性肝病基础上发生肝功能急性失代偿的临床综合征,目前尚无统一定义标准1。其显著特征是肝病进展迅速,短期病死率高,早期发现并准确评估病情对ACLF患者至关重要。虽然世界各肝病学会均发布了该病的诊疗指南,但对于如何早期识别预后不良患者并没有统一的认识2-5。当前应用较广泛的ACLF预后评分模型包括Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分6、终末期肝病模型(model of end-stage liver disease,MELD)7、终末期肝病模型钠(model of end-stage liver disease-Na,MELD-Na)8、终末期肝病综合模型(integrated model for end-stage liver disease score,iMELD)9等。但由于不同国家和地区人群病因、诱因及发病机制等差异,致使上述模型的评估效果并不理想。基于以上背景,本研究通过分析ACLF患者的临床特征,筛选影响ACLF预后的危险因素和早期预警指标,并构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表,为ACLF患者的早期预警提供新的循证医学证据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

选取2010年1月1日—2020年12月31日于本院住院的ACLF患者作为训练集;另选取2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日于本院住院的ACLF患者作为验证集。ACLF诊断标准参考《肝衰竭诊治指南(2024年版)》10。排除标准:(1)年龄<18岁或>80岁;(2)入院时患者已经发生肝癌或其他恶性肿瘤;(3)合并HIV感染或正在服用免疫抑制剂;(4)曾接受肝移植治疗;(5)临床数据缺失。其他诊断标准如下,(1)肾衰竭11:符合下列情况之一者即可临床诊断,①48 h内血肌酐(Cr)升高≥0.3 mg/dL(≥26.5 μmol/L);②7天内Cr较基础值升高≥50%;③尿量减少<0.5 mL·kg-1·h-1,持续≥6 h。(2)呼吸衰竭12:动脉血气分析示动脉氧分压<60 mmHg,伴或不伴CO2分压>50 mmHg。(3)循环衰竭12:持续性低血压,收缩压降至90 mmHg以下持续30 min以上,肺毛细血管楔压≥18 mmHg,心脏指数≤2.2 L·min-1·m-2,伴组织低灌注状态,如皮肤湿冷、苍白和发绀,尿量显著减少,意识障碍,代谢性酸中毒。TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L是指患者入院3天内的TBil水平在任意24 h内上升≥17.1 μmol/L。

1.2 研究方法

收集患者入院时临床资料,包括住院基本信息、现病史、既往病史、个人史、乙型肝炎家族史、并发症和实验室检查。根据患者入院28天存活情况分为死亡组和存活组,筛选与入院28天病死率相关的危险因素,构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表,应用Bootstrap重抽样方法在训练集中对评分表进行内部验证,并应用验证集数据对评分表进行外部验证。

1.3 统计学方法

应用SPSS 29.0和R 4.2.2软件进行数据分析。使用Shapiro-Wilk检验对连续性变量进行正态性检验。符合正态分布且方差齐的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;不符合正态分布或方差不齐的计量资料以MP25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。应用单因素Cox回归初步筛选与ACLF患者入院28天预后相关的潜在预警指标,使用方差膨胀因子对预警指标进行多重共线性分析,通过多因素Cox回归分析构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型。基于构建方程中各项指标的回归系数β及列线图中各项指标的权重,建立ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表。使用X-title 3.6.1软件确定新预后评分的最佳截断值,将患者分为低风险、中风险和高风险死亡组。绘制不同死亡风险患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,并应用Log-rank检验比较不同生存曲线间的差异。使用Nagelkerke R2和Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评价ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型、ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表及其他评分模型的拟合度,并绘制拟合曲线。使用C指数评价ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表与其他评分模型的区分度,并应用Z检验比较不同模型间C指数的差异。使用决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)比较ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表和其他评分模型的临床获益。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者临床特征

依据纳入与排除标准,共有502例ACLF患者纳入训练集,69例患者纳入验证集。所有训练集患者的临床特征总结详见表1。ACLF患者入院28天病死率为32.1%(161/502),最常见的并发症为腹水(79.7%),其次是感染(47.4%)和肝性脑病(39.2%)。当患者出现肾衰竭、呼吸衰竭、循环衰竭时,死亡风险更高(P值均<0.001);与生存组相比,入院28天死亡患者的WBC、Neu、Cr、INR等实验室指标更差(P值均<0.05)。

2.2 预后评分表构建

通过单因素和多因素Cox回归分析,筛选出6个与ACLF患者入院28天病死率显著相关的独立风险因素:年龄、肝性脑病分级、TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L、Cr、Neu和INR。进一步应用多因素Cox回归分析将上述6个指标进行拟合,最终构建ACLF预后(死亡)风险模型(下文简称风险模型)(表2):Cox-ACLF=0.026×年龄(岁)+肝性脑病评分(肝性脑病分级:0级=0,1级=1.074,2级=1.338,3级=1.365,4级=1.941)+ 0.572×TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L(有=1,无=0)+0.005×Cr(μmol/L)+0.088×Neu(×109/L)+0.261×INR。根据模型中各项指标回归系数β权重大小,绘制风险模型的列线图(图1)。

根据风险模型方程中各预测变量的回归系数β,以及列线图中各项指标对ACLF预后影响的权重为每个指标进行重新赋分,最终建立如下ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表(下文简称评分表)(表3),评分表总分为0~21分。X-title风险分层结果显示,基于2个最佳临界值(6分和9分)将ACLF患者死亡风险划分为3个等级:低风险(0~6分,死亡概率<29.09%)、中风险(7~9分,死亡概率29.09%~77.27%)、高风险(≥10分,死亡概率>77.27%),分别绘制生存曲线(图2)。

2.3 评分表的拟合度验证

Nagelkerke R2检验结果显示,在训练集和验证集中,风险模型及评分表的R2值均高于其他模型;Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验结果显示,除CTP评分拟合度不佳外,评分表与其他模型在训练集和验证集中均具有良好的拟合优度(表4)。拟合曲线结果显示,训练集中风险模型、MELD-Na和评分表的拟合度较好,验证集中评分表的拟合度较好(图34)。

2.4 评分表的区分度验证

C指数分析结果显示,在训练集中,评分表的C指数高于CTP评分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);在验证集中,评分表的C指数高于其他模型评分,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)(表5)。

2.5 评分表的临床决策分析

DCA结果显示,使用评分表预测死亡风险对ACLF患者有益,较之使用其他评分的临床净获益更高(图5)。

3 讨论

ACLF患者的短期病死率高2-513,故筛选出与预后相关的危险因素对于早期识别治疗该疾病至关重要。本研究显示,年龄、肝性脑病分级、TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L、Cr、Neu和INR与患者预后密切相关。

多项研究表明35912,年龄是影响ACLF患者预后的重要因素,原因可能与机体衰老导致的免疫系统功能下降有关14。肝性脑病作为ACLF患者的严重并发症,是欧洲肝病学会、北美终末期肝病研究联盟和亚太肝病学会唯一一致定义的器官衰竭,其分级与ACLF病死率独立相关2-415。TBil作为肝脏合成代谢功能评估的重要指标,在本研究中并未观察到其在ACLF死亡组和生存组间存在差异。但TBil的动态变化(TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L)与患者预后密切相关,需要引起重视。既往研究显示312,ACLF死亡患者在病程早期即可表现出肾功能明显异常,这可能与ACLF患者免疫功能紊乱,合并严重细胞因子风暴有关16。中性粒细胞是宿主先天性免疫的关键效应细胞,在抵抗细菌感染和组织损伤修复方面发挥关键作用。虽然中性粒细胞在ACLF免疫紊乱中的机制尚未完全阐明,但其对于ACLF患者预后确有早期预警作用17。本研究也观察到,ACLF死亡患者在入院时已表现为Neu升高。

肝脏在机体凝血功能中起着至关重要的作用,许多凝血因子由肝实质细胞合成,经肝网状内皮细胞系统清除18。本研究观察到,与ACLF生存患者比较,死亡患者表现为PT和APTT更长,PTA更低,INR、FDP、D-D更高。PT和APTT分别反映机体外源性和内源性凝血功能水平,其时间延长表明凝血因子减少,有出血风险。INR来源于PT,其升高亦反映机体凝血功能障碍15。但是,肝脏对于机体凝血功能的作用非常复杂。有观点认为,上述传统凝血指标未反映出抗凝因子的水平,不能说明ACLF患者真实的凝血状态19。也有观点认为20,与健康人相比,肝病患者促凝和抗凝系统的平衡非常脆弱,出血与血栓形成的风险均很高。总之,ACLF患者肝损伤严重,由此带来的凝血功能改变和相关机制有待进一步研究。尽管如此,多项研究均表明INR等凝血指标可以作为预测ACLF患者预后的风险指标3-512

基于年龄、肝性脑病分级、TBil日上升≥17.1 μmol/L、Cr、Neu和INR 6项指标,本研究构建了ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表。CTP评分通过对5项临床参数的简单计算即可快速评估患者病情,实用性强,至今仍然广泛应用19-20。本研究构建的评分表借鉴了CTP评分的优点,各项指标均为ACLF患者入院常规检查,具有较强的实用性。MELD系列评分已被广泛用于终末期肝病患者肝移植适应证评估及优先权分配的关键决策依据2,但对于ACLF患者的预测能力有限21。通过对比可见,本研究建立的评分表不仅预测价值高于MELD系列评分,而且使用方便快捷,应用性强,更适合临床推广。由于本研究为回顾性队列研究,未能完整收集到慢性肝衰竭联盟(CLIF-C)系列评分的部分关键指标,无法与该系列评分进行比较,需要未来进一步完善相关数据进行对比。

综上,本研究通过分析比较不同预后ACLF患者的临床指标,筛选出能够早期预测患者预后的独立危险因素,并据此建立ACLF预后(死亡)风险评分表。与临床上其他评分模型相比,该评分表具有客观准确、方便快捷的特点,并且其拟合度、区分度和临床决策收益优于其他评分模型。但本研究作为单中心回顾性研究,在病例数量等诸多方面仍存在不足,需要进一步构建多中心、前瞻性研究来验证评分表的准确性。

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