99例HBV相关原发性肝癌初治患者的临床特征及中医证候分析

田涛 ,  孙克伟 ,  王熊 ,  刘心如 ,  曾维涛 ,  袁维

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11) : 2336 -2342.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11) : 2336 -2342. DOI: 10.12449/JCH251121
肝脏肿瘤

99例HBV相关原发性肝癌初治患者的临床特征及中医证候分析

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Clinical features and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution of treatment-naïve patients with hepatitis B virus-related primary liver cancer: An analysis of 99 cases

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摘要

目的 探讨HBV相关原发性肝癌(HBV-PLC)初治患者的临床特征及中医证候分布规律,为中西医结合防治HBV-PLC提供依据。 方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2024年12月湖南中医药大学第一附属医院肝病科/感染性疾病科收治的99例HBV-PLC初治患者的临床资料。根据患者是否规范抗病毒治疗(规范抗病毒治疗时间≥3年),将其分为抗病毒组和未抗病毒组;根据HBeAg状态分为HBeAg阳性组和HBeAg阴性组。收集患者的人口学特征、实验室检查结果、影像学资料及中医证候资料,计算中性粒细胞-淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、Child-Pugh评分、CNLC分期。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较使用独立样本t检验;计数资料组间比较使用χ2检验。 结果 99例HBV-PLC初治患者的平均年龄为(57.12±11.60)岁,72.7%的患者年龄集中于50~75岁,男女比例为5.2∶1。肝硬化患者占81.8%,67.7%的患者既往未行抗病毒治疗;HBV DNA阳性率为80.8%,HBeAg阳性率为18.2%,AFP阳性占比69.7%,Child-Pugh分级为A/B级的患者占89.9%。抗病毒组患者的肿瘤最大直径为(t=2.310,P=0.024)、HBV DNA阳性率(χ2=14.006,P<0.001)及并发癌栓数目(χ2=7.347,P=0.007)均显著低于未抗病毒组。HBeAg阴性组与HBeAg阳性组患者比较,Child-Pugh 分级(χ2=6.780,P=0.034)及CNLC分期(χ2=8.746,P=0.033)差异均有统计学意义。99例HBV-PLC初治患者的中医证型以肝郁脾虚兼血瘀证(41.4%)、气虚血瘀证(22.2%)、湿热蕴结兼血瘀证(19.2%)为主。 结论 HBV-PLC初治患者以中老年男性为主,多合并肝硬化。规范抗病毒治疗可显著改善肿瘤负荷和病毒学应答,HBeAg阴性者肝功能代偿状态更佳,低蛋白血症多见于气虚血瘀证患者。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical features and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome distribution of treatment-naïve patients with hepatitis B virus-related primary liver cancer (HBV-PLC), and to provide a basis for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the prevention and treatment of HBV-PLC. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 99 treatment-naïve HBV-PLC patients who were admitted to Department of Hepatology and Infectious Diseases in The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine from January 2019 to December 2024. According to whether the patient received standardized antiviral therapy (for ≥3 years), they were divided into antiviral group and non-antiviral group, and according to the status of HBeAg, they were divided into HBeAg-positive group and HBeAg-negative group. Demographic features, laboratory test results, imaging data, and TCM syndrome data were collected, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Child-Pugh score, and CNLC stage were calculated. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results The 99 treatment-naïve HBV-PLC patients had a mean age of 57.12±11.60 years, and the patients aged 50 — 75 years accounted for the highest proportion of 72.7%, with a male/female ratio of 5.2∶1. The patients with liver cirrhosis accounted for 81.8%, and 67.7% of the patients did not receive antiviral therapy in the past. The positive rates of HBV DNA, HBeAg, and alpha-fetoprotein were 80.8%, 18.2%, and 69.7%, respectively, and the patients with Child-Pugh class A/B disease accounted for 89.9%. Compared with the non-antiviral group, the antiviral group had a significantly smaller maximum tumor diameter (t=2.310, P=0.024), a significantly lower HBV DNA positive rate (χ2=14.006, P<0.001), and a significantly lower number of tumor thrombi (χ2=7.347, P=0.007). In addition, there were significant differences between the HBeAg-negative group and the HBeAg-positive group in Child-Pugh class (χ2=6.780, P=0.034) and CNLC stage (χ2=8.746, P=0.033). Among the 99 treatment-naïve HBV-PLC patients, 41.4% had liver depression and spleen deficiency with blood stasis, 22.2% had Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, and 19.2% had damp-heat accumulation with blood stasis. Conclusion Treatment-naïve HBV-PLC patients are mainly middle-aged and elderly male individuals, and most of the patients are comorbid with liver cirrhosis. Standardized antiviral therapy can significantly reduce tumor burden and improve virologic response, with better hepatic compensation in HBeAg-negative patients, and hypoproteinemia is more common in patients with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome.

关键词

乙型肝炎病毒 / 肝肿瘤 / 症状体征和证候

Key words

Hepatitis B Virus / Liver Neoplasms / Symptoms Signs and Syndrome

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田涛,孙克伟,王熊,刘心如,曾维涛,袁维. 99例HBV相关原发性肝癌初治患者的临床特征及中医证候分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(11): 2336-2342 DOI:10.12449/JCH251121

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原发性肝癌(primary liver cancer,PLC)是我国乃至全球最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,其中,肝细胞癌(HCC)为主要病理类型,其恶性程度高、预后差。我国PLC患者5年生存率约为14.1%,防治形势严峻1。其主要病因包括肝炎病毒(如HBV、HCV)感染、长期酗酒、脂肪肝等2。HBV感染与HCC的发生密切相关,全球约2.57亿人感染过HBV,东亚地区HBV相关HCC占病毒相关HCC的75%~80%3
近年来,随着抗病毒药物,主要是口服核苷和核苷酸类药物的广泛应用,大多数慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者获得持续病毒学控制。然而,抗病毒治疗虽能降低却不能完全消除HCC发生的风险4。研究发现,中医联合西医标准方案治疗HCC患者,能获得更好的临床疗效5。本文通过回顾性分析HBV相关PLC(HBV-PLC)初治患者临床特征及中医证候特征,为中西医结合防治PLC提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集2019年1月—2024年12月于本院肝病科、感染性疾病科住院的HBV-PLC初治患者的临床资料。所有病例西医诊断符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2019年版)》6及《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》7诊断标准。中医诊断标准参照《中医内科学》8、《中西医结合肿瘤病学》9、《恶性肿瘤中医诊疗指南》10等确定5种基本证型,分别为肝郁脾虚证、湿热蕴结证、气滞血瘀证、肝肾阴虚证、气虚血瘀证,辨证需同时在2名副高或以上级别医生指导下进行,意见不统一时,向上级医师询问并协商完成辨证分型。

1.2 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:符合中西医诊断标准;年龄≥18岁且≤75岁;电子病历完整。排除标准:合并HCV感染、酒精性肝病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)、自身免疫性肝病、血吸虫性肝病等由其他原因引发的慢性肝脏疾病;继发性肝癌患者;病历资料不全患者。

1.3 研究方法

回顾性查阅患者病历,记录患者临床表现、性别、年龄、家族史、饮酒史、糖尿病史、肝硬化情况、乙型肝炎首次确诊时间、是否服用抗病毒药及抗病毒治疗时间、肝癌首次确诊时间等,收集 ALT、AST、Alb、TBil、PLT、AFP、HBeAg、HBV DNA、肿块大小及数目、癌栓情况、Child-Pugh评分、CNLC分期等,计算中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞百分比(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 24.0统计学软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s进行描述,2组间比较使用独立样本t检验;计数资料组间比较使用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基本资料

共纳入99例HBV-PLC患者,平均发病年龄为(57.12±11.60)岁,以50~75岁发病人数最多,约占72.7%;男性83例,占比83.8%,女性16例,占比16.2%,男女比例5.2∶1。未接受抗病毒治疗患者67例,占比67.7%;HBV DNA阳性 80例,占比80.8%;HBeAg阴性81例,占比81.8%。AFP阳性患者69例,占比69.7%;Child-Pugh评分A、B级患者89例,占比89.9%;合并血小板减少(PLT<100×109/L )患者44例,占比44.4%,合并低蛋白血症(Alb<35 g/L)患者41例,占比41.4%。

CNLC分期:Ⅰ期25例、Ⅱ期26例、Ⅲ期38例、Ⅳ期10例。并发癌栓患者34例,其中32例有门静脉癌栓,余癌栓分布如下:下腔静脉6例、上腔静脉2例、肝中静脉2例、肠系膜静脉1例、脾静脉1例、右心房1例(表1)。

2.2 抗病毒组与未抗病毒组患者疾病特征比较

两组患者肝硬化占比、HBV DNA阳性占比、最大肿瘤直径及并发癌栓情况差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其余指标在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表2)。

2.3 HBeAg阳性组和HBeAg阴性组患者疾病特征比较

两组患者Child-Pugh分级、CNLC分期差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其余指标在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表3)。

2.4 中医证型分布及组间比较

根据患者入院时的舌象、脉象及中医证候进行辨证,结果显示,肝郁脾虚兼血瘀证41例,气虚血瘀证22例,湿热蕴结兼血瘀证19例,肝肾阴虚证13例,气滞血瘀证4例。抗病毒组与未抗病毒组、HBeAg阳性组与HBeAg阴性组的中医证型分布差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表4)。

2.5 中医证型与临床相关指标的关联性分析

对不同中医证型的临床指标进行分析比较, 结果显示,Alb<35 g/L的比例在各组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中气虚血瘀证组的占比最高(68.2%);其余指标在不同中医证型组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表5)。

3 讨论

本研究纳入99例初治HBV-PLC患者,平均发病年龄为(57.12±11.60)岁,72.7%集中于50~75岁,提示50岁后为发病高峰。年龄增长可促进慢性肝病进展,增加肝癌发生风险11。男性占比明显较高,可能与雄激素水平较高及吸烟、饮酒等暴露因素相关12-14。81例(81.8%)患者合并肝硬化,符合PLC的“肝炎-肝纤维化/肝硬化-肝癌”的典型序列演进规律15

尽管抗病毒治疗可降低肝癌发生率,但仍难以避免肝癌发生。本研究中32例患者进行规范化抗病毒治疗,抗病毒组HBV DNA阳性率显著低于未抗病毒组,但其中有13例患者在持续病毒学应答(HBV DNA低于检测下限)后仍进展为肝癌。现有研究表明,即使HBV DNA转阴,部分患者仍可检出HBV RNA,后者能更灵敏地反映病毒复制活性16。据此推测,抗病毒治疗后发生肝癌可能与持续存在的HBV RNA有关。后续研究将重点探讨HBV RNA与HBV-PLC发生的相关性。

相关研究发现NLR升高与HCC发生风险增加相关,可根据NLR分层,归纳为低风险(NLR<1.4)、中风险(NLR 1.4~3.0)、高风险(NLR>3.0)17。本研究显示,61例(61.6%)患者外周血NLR>3.0(高风险),35例(35.4%)患者NLR 1.4~3.0(中风险),中性粒细胞通过促进血管生成、肿瘤增殖和转移推动肝癌进展,而淋巴细胞则通过免疫监视发挥抑癌作用18。多项研究证实,NLR升高与HCC进展及预后显著相关19-20,提示NLR监测对肝癌防治具有重要临床价值。

AFP是PLC(尤其是HCC)的重要诊断指标,其敏感度为68%~81%21,本研究中AFP检测阳性率为69.7%,与文献报道一致。Child-Pugh评分可评估肝功能储备,CNLC分期则反映肿瘤进展,二者共同指导诊疗决策。本研究发现HBeAg阴性组患者Child-Pugh评分、CNLC分期均优于HBeAg阳性组,这可能与HBeAg阳性患者病毒复制活跃、肝损伤更重,从而更易进展至肝纤维化及肝硬化有关22。Child-Pugh评分和CNLC分期对后续治疗选择具有重要指导意义,若患者肝功能储备较差或CNLC分期较晚,可能无法耐受手术切除23。因此,早期启动抗病毒治疗并实现血清学转换具有重要临床意义。

研究证实,接受抗病毒治疗的肝癌患者具有更低的肿瘤侵袭性,其门静脉癌栓发生率显著低于未治疗组24。本研究结果显示,抗病毒组发生癌栓占比显著低于未抗病毒组(P<0.01),与文献报道一致,但其具体机制尚待进一步阐明。既往研究表明,积极抗病毒治疗不仅可显著降低肝癌发生风险,还可缩小肿瘤体积25。本研究中抗病毒组的肿瘤直径明显小于未抗病毒组(P<0.05),这可能与抗病毒治疗抑制某些肿瘤进展相关因子,从而抑制或延缓肿瘤进展相关26

本研究组的肝癌患者以肝郁脾虚兼血瘀证最为多见(占41.4%),其次为气虚血瘀证(占22.2%)和湿热蕴结兼血瘀证(占19.2%)。肝失疏泄,脾失健运,而成肝郁脾虚,这与肝癌“肝失疏泄为病机关键”的理论相符27。肝癌的病理表现为浊毒内结、气滞血瘀、脉络瘀阻,肝郁日久则脾虚,气滞则血瘀,形成“肝郁脾虚为本,血瘀为标”的核心病机28。终末期肝癌患者常见肝肾不足、气阴两虚,临床表现以腹胀肢肿、青筋暴露等多见28。本研究显示,低蛋白血症(Alb<35 g/L)与气虚血瘀证显著关联(P<0.05)。从现代医学理论分析,Alb具有维持血浆胶体渗透压、防止液体渗出的功能29,其水平降低可导致血管内液体外渗,这从病理生理学角度解释了气虚血瘀证患者常见腹水、腹胀等临床表现的生物学基础。

Ye等30研究进一步证实,在靶向免疫治疗的基础上加用健脾活血方,可降低血清肿瘤标志物水平,调节淋巴细胞免疫因子水平,提高抗肿瘤疗效。综上可知,基于肝癌“肝郁脾虚为本,血瘀为标”的核心病机,早期采用健脾疏肝、活血化瘀的中医药治疗,不仅符合“既病防变”的中医治未病理念,还能从整体调节角度改善患者免疫微环境,对延长患者生存期及提高生活质量具有双重临床价值31-32

综上所述,HBV-PLC初治患者以中老年男性为主,多合并肝硬化。规范抗病毒治疗可显著改善肿瘤负荷和病毒学应答,HBeAg阴性患者肝功能代偿更佳,低蛋白血症多见于气虚血瘀证患者。建议对高危人群实施中西医协同干预,早期强化抗病毒与抗纤维化治疗,结合“活血化瘀、调肝健脾”中医治则制定个体化诊疗方案。

本研究存在一定局限性,样本量较小,且为回顾性分析,未能完整获取患者的预后相关数据。未来可开展前瞻性队列研究,以进一步完善研究设计并验证现有结论。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81904182)

长沙市杰出创新青年培养计划(kq2209020)

湖南中医药大学优秀青年项目(2022XJB006)

湖南中医药大学研究生创新课题项目(2024CX113)

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