原发性肝癌患者血栓弹力图的临床特征及其对凝血功能的评估价值

冶春娟 ,  张春 ,  李嘉璐 ,  刘司南 ,  王铮

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 111 -116.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 111 -116. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260113
肝脏肿瘤

原发性肝癌患者血栓弹力图的临床特征及其对凝血功能的评估价值

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Thromboelastographic features of patients with primary liver cancer and their value in assessing coagulation function

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摘要

目的 通过分析原发性肝癌患者血栓弹力图参数的临床特征,探讨其在评估凝血功能中的临床应用价值,进而为肝癌患者凝血管理及预后判断提供依据。 方法 回顾性纳入西安交通大学第一附属医院2015年5月—2022年12月收治的1 253例原发性肝癌患者,其中非肝硬化组262例、肝硬化组991例;HBV感染1 055例,非HBV感染198例。根据肝硬化程度[蔡尔德-皮尤分级(Child-Pugh分级)、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分]和肝脏储备功能[吲哚菁绿15 min滞留率(ICGR15)]进行分类,采用血栓弹力图仪检测血栓弹力图参数(反应时间、凝血块形成时间、凝固角、最大振幅和凝血综合指数)及传统凝血指标。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用成组t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。不符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较Mann-Whitney U检验;多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni校正法。计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验,相关性分析采用Spearman检验。 结果 非肝硬化组262例患者中Child-Pugh A级(5~6分)826例,B级(7~9分)165例;MELD评分<10分812例,≥10分179例;ICGR15<10% 679例,≥10% 294例。与Child-Pugh A级患者相比,Child-Pugh B级患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,凝固角、最大振幅、凝血综合指数显著降低(P值均<0.001);与MELD评分<10分患者比较,MELD评分≥10分患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,凝固角、最大振幅、凝血综合指数显著降低(P值均<0.001);与ICGR15<10%患者比较,ICGR15≥10%患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,最大振幅显著降低(P值均<0.001)。1 253例患者中,最大振幅与纤维蛋白原和血小板计数均呈强正相关(r值分别为0.675、0.667,P值均<0.001);最大振幅与Child-Pugh评分、MELD评分及ICGR15呈弱负相关(r值分别为-0.112、-0.250和-0.117,P值均<0.001);凝血块形成时间、凝固角及凝血综合指数与MELD评分呈弱相关(r值分别为0.222、-0.184、-0.183,P值均<0.001);反应时间与ICGR15呈负相关(r=-0.080,P=0.005)。HBV感染组的最大振幅和凝血综合指数显著高于非HBV感染组(P值均<0.05)。 结论 血栓弹力图可敏感识别原发性肝癌患者肝硬化进展相关的低凝状态及HBV相关肝癌的高凝倾向,为临床个体化抗凝治疗提供重要参考依据。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical application value of thromboelastographic parameters in assessing coagulation function by analyzing the thromboelastographic features of patients with primary liver cancer (PLC), and to provide a basis for coagulation management and prognostic evaluation in liver cancer patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 1 253 PLC patients who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from May 2015 to December 2022. According to the presence or absence of cirrhosis, the patients were divided into non-cirrhosis group with 262 patients and cirrhosis group with 991 patients, and according to the presence or absence of HBV infection, they were divided into HBV infection group with 1 055 patients and non-HBV infection group with 198 patients. The patients were stratified based on the severity of liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class and MELD score) and liver reserve function (indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes [ICGR15]), and thromboelastography was used to measure thromboelastographic parameters (reaction time [R], coagulation formation time [K], α-angle, maximum thrombosis amplitude [MA], and coagulation composite index [CI]) and conventional coagulation markers. The t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the Bonferroni correction method was used for further comparison between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between grouips, and the Spearman test was used for correlation analysis. Results Among the 991 patients in the cirrhosis group, 826 had Child-Pugh class A (5 — 6 points), and 165 had Child-Pugh class B (7 — 9 points); 812 had an MELD score of <10, and 179 had an MELD score of ≥10; 679 had an ICGR15 of <10%, and 294 had an ICGR15 of ≥10%. Compared with the patients with Child-Pugh class A, the patients with Child-Pugh class B had a significantly longer K time and significant reductions in α-angle, MA, and CI (all P <0.001); compared with the MELD score <10 group, the MELD score ≥10 group had a significantly longer K time and significant reductions in α-angle, MA, and CI (all P<0.001); compared with the ICGR15 <10% group, the ICGR15 ≥10% group had a significantly longer K time and a significant reduction in MA (both P <0.001). Among the 1 253 patients, MA was strongly positively correlated with fibrinogen and platelet count (r=0.675 and 0.667, both P<0.001); The MA had a weak correlation with Child-Pugh score, MELD score, and ICGR15 (r=-0.112, -0.250, and -0.117, all P<0.001), while the K time,α-angle and CI were weakly correlated with the MELD score (r=0.222, -0.184, and -0.183, all P<0.001),R time was negatively correlated with ICGR15 (r=-0.080, P=0.005). The HBV infection group had significantly higher MA and CI than the non-HBV infection group (P<0.05). Conclusion Thromboelastography can sensitively identify the hypocoagulable state associated with the progression of liver cirrhosis and the hypercoagulable tendency in HBV-related liver cancer, which provides an important reference for individualized anticoagulant therapy in clinical practice.

关键词

肝肿瘤 / 肝硬化 / 乙型肝炎病毒 / 凝血功能

Key words

Liver Neoplasms / Liver Cirrhosis / Hepatitis B Virus / Coagulation Function

引用本文

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冶春娟,张春,李嘉璐,刘司南,王铮. 原发性肝癌患者血栓弹力图的临床特征及其对凝血功能的评估价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(01): 111-116 DOI:10.12449/JCH260113

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原发性肝癌是一项全球范围内的重要公共卫生问题,年新发病例数约为90万例1。亚洲地区以乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染为主要病因,我国约70%的肝癌与HBV相关2-3。肝癌合并肝硬化患者的凝血状态尤为复杂,既存在出血倾向又易形成血栓,这种凝血再平衡现象已成为当前研究热点4-5
HBV感染可通过激活凝血途径、导致血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)升高及血管性血友病因子裂解蛋白酶(a disin-tegrin and metalloprotease with a thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13,ADAMTS13)活性下降等机制促进血栓形成,引发特征性的凝血功能紊乱6。血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)能够动态评估凝血全过程,较传统凝血试验更能反映体内真实的凝血状态7,在肝硬化患者围手术期管理中具有重要价值8-9
本研究通过回顾性分析原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,探讨TEG参数与肝病严重程度、肝脏储备功能及传统凝血指标的关系,旨在为临床提供更准确的凝血评估方法,特别是针对HBV相关肝癌患者的个体化凝血管理策略。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2015年5月—2022年12月在本院肝胆外科接受手术治疗并经病理确诊的原发性肝癌患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄>18岁;(2)术前完成TEG检测;(3)临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)近期使用抗凝/抗血小板药物;(2)1个月内有输血史;(3)合并门静脉血栓或癌栓;(4)缺乏完整病理诊断资料。

1.2 分组方法

根据病理结果,将患者分为非肝硬化组和肝硬化组。肝硬化组进一步按Child-Pugh评分、MELD评分和吲哚菁绿15 min滞留率(indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min,ICGR15)分组。

1.3 数据收集

(1)基本资料:年龄、性别、病因学和肿瘤特征;(2)实验室检查指标:常规凝血功能指标[凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、国际化标准比值(international normalized ratio,INR)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、D二聚体]、血小板计数和肝功能;(3)TEG参数:反应时间、凝血块形成时间、凝固角、最大振幅、凝血综合指数;(4)肝脏储备功能:ICGR15;(5)病理结果:肝硬化程度、肿瘤类型。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 27.0软件进行数据统计分析,TEG参数分析采用标准化流程10。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用成组t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。不符合正态分布的计量资料采用MP25P75)表示,2组间比较Mann-Whitney U检验;多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni校正法。计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验,相关性分析采用Spearman检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

本研究共纳入1 253例患者,其中非肝硬化组262例、肝硬化组991例。非肝硬化组262例患者中Child-Pugh A级826例,B级165例;MELD评分<10分812例,≥10分179例;ICGR15<10% 679例,≥10% 294例。肝硬化组中男性比例更高、肝细胞癌占比更高、肿瘤直径更小,且HBV感染是原发性肝癌的主要病因,占全部病例的84.2%(1 055/1 253),2组间性别、病因、肿瘤类型及大小、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和总胆红素比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表1)。

2.2 TEG参数与肝病严重程度的关系

随着肝病严重程度加重,TEG参数呈低凝趋势。与Child-Pugh A级患者相比,Child-Pugh B级患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,凝固角、最大振幅、凝血综合指数显著降低(P值均<0.001)(表2);与MELD评分<10分患者比较,MELD评分≥10分患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,凝固角、最大振幅、凝血综合指数显著降低(P值均<0.001)(表3);与ICGR15<10%患者相比,ICGR15≥10%患者的凝血块形成时间显著延长,最大振幅显著降低(P值均<0.001);同时,反应时间、凝固角及凝血综合指数亦显著降低(P值均<0.05)。(表4)。

2.3 TEG参数与传统凝血指标的相关性

1 253例患者中,最大振幅与FIB(r=0.675, P<0.001)及血小板计数(r=0.667, P<0.001)呈强正相关。凝血块形成时间、凝固角及凝血综合指数亦与多项传统凝血指标存在相关性(P值均<0.001)(表5)。

2.4 TEG参数与肝功能评分的相关性

1 253例患者中,最大振幅与Child-Pugh评分、MELD评分及ICGR15呈弱负相关(r值分别为-0.112、-0.250和-0.117,P值均<0.001)。凝血块形成时间、凝固角及凝血综合指数与MELD评分呈弱相关(r值分别为0.222、-0.184和-0.183,P值均<0.001)。反应时间与ICGR15呈负相关(r=-0.080,P=0.005)(表6)。

2.5 HBV感染对TEG参数的影响

1 253例患者中HBV感染1 055例,非HBV感染198例。HBV感染组的最大振幅和凝血综合指数显著高于非HBV感染组(P值均<0.05)(表7)。

3 讨论

本研究证实,TEG参数能够敏感反映肝病严重程度的变化。随着Child-Pugh分级和MELD评分的升高,患者表现出明显的低凝状态特征,包括凝血块形成时间延长、最大振幅降低和凝血综合指数下降,与肝硬化凝血再平衡理论相符5。此外,ICGR15≥10%的患者最大振幅显著降低,提示TEG参数可在一定程度上反映肝功能的潜在储备功能11

最大振幅与FIB和血小板计数呈强相关性,进一步支持了FIB和血小板在维持肝硬化患者凝血平衡中的关键作用12。本研究结果显示,MELD评分≥10分患者的平均最大振幅为(50.86±9.78) mm,低于de Pietri等8提出的凝血支持阈值(55 mm),提示这类患者可能需要更积极的凝血管理。

特别值得关注的是,本研究首次通过大样本数据揭示了HBV相关肝癌患者独特的凝血特征。HBV感染组的最大振幅显著高于其他病因组,即使在肝硬化背景下仍保持相对较高水平。这一现象可能涉及多种机制:Guo等6和Hugenholtz等13发现,HBV感染可导致vWF/ADAMTS13比例失衡;Galli等7证实HBV X蛋白能直接激活凝血途径;Weisel等14的研究还表明,HBV感染的高凝状态与血小板激活和异常纤维蛋白clot结构密切相关。上述研究发现提示,对于HBV相关肝癌患者,尤其是最大振幅>60 mm时,需要特别警惕门静脉血栓等血栓栓塞事件的发生风险15-16,其在HBV相关肝硬化中具有特定的止血变化基础17。而接受系统治疗的患者血栓风险进一步增加18,更需加强凝血功能监测。

尽管TEG的单次检测成本较高,但其通过精准指导治疗决策,可显著降低因盲目输血或血栓事件导致的后续医疗支出。研究表明,TEG指导下的术中输血策略使肝移植患者输血需求减少30%919,不仅节约了血液资源,也减少了输血相关并发症和处理费用。因此,从整体医疗经济负担角度评估,将TEG用于肝细胞癌患者,特别是复杂凝血状态的患者,可能具有较好的成本效益比20

基于本研究结果并结合最新临床证据,本研究团队提出以下管理建议:(1)对于Child-Pugh B级或MELD评分≥10分的患者,术前应常规进行TEG检测可有效识别低凝状态,指导围手术期管理,该策略已获得de Pietri等8的随机对照试验支持;(2)当最大振幅<55 mm时,可考虑预防性输注血小板或凝血因子,该阈值基于既往研究确定的凝血功能不全临界值819;(3)对于HBV相关肝癌且最大振幅>60 mm的患者,建议根据欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南21行门静脉系统多普勒超声筛查,以评估门静脉血栓风险;(4)对于ICGR15≥10%的患者,术后应加强凝血功能监测,因其肝储备功能下降与凝血紊乱风险显著相关11。上述建议与近期Zhu等22关于肝癌患者血栓预防的研究发现相呼应,强调了基于TEG的个体化管理在改善患者预后方面的潜在价值。

本研究尚存在一定的不足之处:研究为单中心回顾性设计,未分析TEG与临床终点事件的相关性,且缺乏长期随访数据,未来需开展前瞻性研究进一步验证。

综上所述,TEG能有效识别原发性肝癌患者的低凝风险及HBV相关肝癌的高凝倾向,结合传统指标可为个体化凝血管理提供关键依据。

伦理学声明

本研究方案于2024年10月12日经由西安交通大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批通过,批号:XJTU1AF2024LSYY-366。

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陕西省重点研发计划(2022SF-374)

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