免疫球蛋白G与免疫球蛋白M比值对经导管动脉栓塞化疗联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂治疗的初始不可切除肝细胞癌患者预后的预测价值

李星志 ,  罗薇 ,  冯渊 ,  蔡宇 ,  刘小红 ,  吴飞翔 ,  彭勇

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 117 -124.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (01) : 117 -124. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260114
肝脏肿瘤

免疫球蛋白G与免疫球蛋白M比值对经导管动脉栓塞化疗联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂治疗的初始不可切除肝细胞癌患者预后的预测价值

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Value of immunoglobulin G/immunoglobulin M ratio in predicting the prognosis of patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor

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摘要

目的 探讨初始不可切除的肝细胞癌(iuHCC)患者接受经导管动脉栓塞化疗联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂三联治疗(TTP)时,免疫球蛋白G与免疫球蛋白M比值(IgG/IgM)与患者预后的关系。 方法 回顾性收集并分析2019年11月—2022年12月于广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院肝胆外科连续接受TTP三联治疗的151例iuHCC患者的临床资料。根据IgG/IgM的水平将患者分为高(IgG/IgM>13.23)、低(IgG/IgM≤13.23)两组。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验,计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。使用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank检验进行生存分析,采用Cox比例风险模型分析总生存期(OS)的潜在影响因素。 结果 151例患者的中位OS为26.7个月[95%置信区间(CI):19.8~未达到],中位无进展生存期(PFS)为12.5个月(95%CI:10.4~15.8)。客观缓解率为83.4%,疾病控制率为94.0%。高IgG/IgM组与低IgG/IgM组患者的基线资料差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。高IgG/IgM组患者的中位OS为20.6个月,而低IgG/IgM组患者的中位OS为未达到,差异有统计学意义(P=0.016)。高IgG/IgM组与低IgG/IgM组中,挽救性肝切除均与OS改善显著相关(χ2值分别为8.297、10.307,P值均<0.05)。多因素分析显示,高IgG/IgM[风险比(HR)=1.799,95%CI:1.077~3.006,P=0.025]、基线AFP>400 ng/mL(HR=1.762,95%CI:1.017~3.050,P=0.043)和巴塞罗那肝癌分期(HR=2.265,95%CI:1.212~4.232,P=0.010)是患者OS的独立影响因素。 结论 在接受TTP三联治疗的iuHCC患者中,高IgG/IgM与更差的预后相关,而挽救性肝切除对高IgG/IgM患者的预后改善具有潜在价值。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the association between immunoglobulin G (IgG)/immunoglobulin M (IgM) ratio and prognosis in patients with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (iuHCC) receiving TTP triple therapy with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 151 iuHCC patients who received TTP triple therapy in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, from November 2019 to December 2022, and according to IgG/IgM ratio, they were divided into high IgG/IgM group (IgG/IgM ratio >13.23) and low IgG/IgM group (IgG/IgM ratio ≤13.23). The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used for survival analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the potential influencing factors for overall survival (OS). Results The 151 patients had a median OS of 26.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.8-not reached) and a median progression-free survival of 12.5 months (95%CI: 10.4 — 15.8). The objective response rate was 83.4% and the disease control rate was 94.0%. There were no significant differences in baseline data between the high IgG/IgM group and the low IgG/IgM group (all P>0.05). There was a significant difference in median OS between the high IgG/IgM group and the low IgG/IgM group (20.6 months vs not reached, P=0.016). In both the high IgG/IgM group and the low IgG/IgM group, salvage hepatectomy was significantly associated with the improvement in OS (χ2=8.297 and 10.307, both P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that high IgG/IgM ratio (hazard ratio [HR]=1.799, 95%CI: 1.077 — 3.006, P=0.025), baseline alpha-fetoprotein >400 ng/mL (HR=1.762, 95%CI: 1.017 — 3.050, P=0.043), and BCLC stage (HR=2.265, 95%CI: 1.212 — 4.232, P=0.010) were independent influencing factors for OS. Conclusion High IgG/IgM ratio is associated with a poorer prognosis in iuHCC patients receiving TTP triple therapy, and salvage hepatectomy has a potential value in improving the prognosis of patients with a high IgG/IGM ratio.

Graphical abstract

关键词

癌, 肝细胞 / 免疫球蛋白G / 免疫球蛋白M / 肝切除术 / 预后

Key words

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Immunoglobulin G / Immunoglobulin M / Hepatectomy / Prognosis

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李星志,罗薇,冯渊,蔡宇,刘小红,吴飞翔,彭勇. 免疫球蛋白G与免疫球蛋白M比值对经导管动脉栓塞化疗联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂治疗的初始不可切除肝细胞癌患者预后的预测价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(01): 117-124 DOI:10.12449/JCH260114

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肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是临床最常见的恶性肿瘤之一1-2。对于初始可切除的HCC患者,肝切除术可带来良好的预后效果3。然而,约70%的HCC患者在确诊时已处于中晚期,不适合接受肝切除术4。针对此类患者,“局部+系统”的联合治疗模式已被广泛探索5-8。其中,经导管动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)和程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death protien-1,PD-1)抑制剂的三联治疗(TTP),被认为具有协同增效的潜力,其客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)明显高于单纯TACE治疗和TACE联合TKI治疗,且已展现出预后改善作用5-10。更值得关注的是,TTP治疗使部分初始不可切除的HCC(initially unresectable HCC,iuHCC)患者获得了接受根治性手术的机会11-13。因此,TTP三联治疗有望成为iuHCC的潜在一线疗法。然而,TTP三联治疗的效果、安全性以及预后影响因素仍需更多的真实世界数据进一步验证。
免疫炎症标志物可能对预测iuHCC患者的预后具有重要价值。已有研究表明,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)等外周血系统性炎症指标与iuHCC患者的预后密切相关914-16。此外,在接受TKI联合免疫疗法以及接受根治性肝切除术的HCC患者中,C反应蛋白的组合也展示出预后预测的效果17-19,提示系统性免疫炎症在HCC发生发展中的重要作用。然而,有研究报道,在接受三联治疗的HCC患者中,PLR和NLR等血常规中的炎症指标未展现出预后预测价值13。因此,需要探索其他的免疫炎症预后标志物。Balcar等20的研究显示,在免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的HCC患者中,血清免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)水平的早期升高与不良预后有关。在乙型肝炎相关HCC患者中,血清IgG异质体水平升高的患者预后更差21。此外,血清IgG水平也可以作为食管鳞状细胞癌新辅助化疗疗效的独立预测因子22。Guarino等23研究发现,循环鳞状细胞癌抗原-免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)复合物是预测HCC疗效的有效生物标志物。在膀胱癌患者中,血清IgM水平升高的患者预后更好24。然而,在接受TTP三联治疗的患者中,IgG及IgM的作用尚不明确。因此,本研究旨在通过回顾性分析,评估iuHCC患者接受TTP三联转化治疗的效果和安全性,同时探讨体液免疫指标IgG与IgM对接受TTP三联治疗患者的预后预测价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性收集并分析2019年11月—2022年12月于广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院肝胆外科连续接受TTP三联治疗的151例iuHCC患者的临床资料。HCC的诊断根据《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2019版)》25。肿瘤的不可切除性主要归因于以下因素:(1)切除后残肝体积不足;(2)无法确保R0切除;(3)存在大血管侵犯,经过评估不适合接受手术治疗或者肝外转移。纳入标准:(1)年龄18~80岁;(2)东部肿瘤协作组功能状态评分为0~1分;(3)肝功能Child-Pugh评分≤7分;(4)既往无抗肿瘤治疗史;(5)至少有1个根据改良的实体瘤临床疗效评价标准(modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,mRECIST)可测量的靶病灶。排除标准:影像学资料或临床数据不完整、随访不足3个月或失访。

1.2 TTP三联治疗方案及挽救性肝切除

TACE包括传统TACE和药物洗脱微球TACE。TACE操作使用Seldinger技术穿刺股动脉并放置血管鞘,通过血管造影确定肿瘤的供血动脉、血管解剖结构和肿瘤染色,然后将微导管超选择性插管至肿瘤供血动脉。对于接受传统TACE的患者,将5~15 mL碘化油作为药物载体与化疗药物混合注入,再使用不同直径的空白栓塞微球进行栓塞;对于接受药物洗脱微球TACE治疗的患者,使用装载化疗药物的药物洗脱微球进行栓塞。栓塞完成后,再次造影以评估栓塞效果。重复TACE依据病情需要实施。根据患者的一般情况及肝功能恢复情况,在TACE术后1周内给予TKI和PD-1抑制剂。本研究使用的TKI遵循中国HCC指南推荐的一线治疗方案,包括口服多纳非尼(200 mg,2次/d)或口服仑伐替尼(8 mg或12 mg,1次/d,视体重而定)25-26。PD-1抑制剂包括卡瑞利珠单抗、信迪利单抗或替雷利珠单抗(200 mg,每3周静脉注射1次)。所有患者均接受治疗,直至疾病进展、出现不可耐受的毒性、死亡或因任何原因自愿退出治疗。所有乙型肝炎病毒感染的患者均接受常规抗病毒治疗。一旦患者经评估符合可切除标准并获知情同意后,则进行肝切除术27。所有肝切除手术均由高年资肝胆外科医师作为主刀完成。

1.3 随访及相关定义

患者于初次治疗后4~6周进行首次随访,之后每2个月随访1次。每次随访评估包括实验室检查(如血常规、肝肾功能、尿常规、肿瘤标志物、心肌酶学检查和甲状腺功能等)以及肿瘤反应(根据mRECIST标准评估)。治疗期间的不良事件按照美国国家癌症研究所不良事件通用术语标准第5版进行评估。接受挽救性肝切除的患者在术后随访期间接受常规监测:第1年每1~2个月进行1次血清甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein,AFP)测定、腹部B超和增强CT检查等,随后每3个月进行1次随访。总生存期(overall survival,OS)被定义为从TTP三联治疗开始到因任何原因死亡的时间间隔。无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)被定义为从TTP三联治疗开始到病情进展、接受挽救性肝切除后肿瘤复发或死亡的时间间隔。

1.4 统计学方法

本研究使用SPSS 24.0和R软件4.1.1进行统计分析。计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。使用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank检验进行生存分析。两变量的相关性采用Spearman相关性分析。使用Cox比例风险模型分析OS的潜在影响因素。所有在单因素分析中P<0.1的因素或具有重要临床意义的变量均采用enter法纳入多因素分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

151例iuHCC患者使用的TKI和PD-1抑制剂分别是仑伐替尼(139例,92.1%)和卡瑞利珠单抗(116例,76.8%)。135例(89.4%)患者具有乙型肝炎背景,103例(68.2%)患者的巴塞罗那临床肝癌(Barcelona clinical liver cancer,BCLC)分期为C期,89例(58.9%)患者的AFP>400 ng/mL。中位肿瘤最大径为10.8(8.5~14.5)cm,中位肿瘤数目为2.0(1.0~3.0)个。75例患者IgG/IgM>13.23(高IgG/IgM组),76例患者IgG/IgM≤13.23(低IgG/IgM组),两组患者基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表1)。

2.2 相关性分析

IgG/IgM与肿瘤大小(rs=0.102,P=0.212)、AFP水平(rs=-0.032,P=0.692)和BCLC分期(rs=-0.024,P=0.771)均无显著相关性。

2.3 总体疗效、安全性以及挽救性肝切除情况

根据mRECIST标准,全队列的ORR为83.4%,疾病控制率为94.0%。中位OS为26.7个月(95%CI:19.8~未达到),中位PFS为12.5个月(95%CI:10.4~15.8)。TTP三联治疗的总体耐受性良好,随访中最常见的不良事件为丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高(48.9%)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶升高(43.6%)、腹痛(32.9%)和总胆红素升高(31.9%)。151例患者中,35例(23.2%)接受了挽救性肝切除。

2.4 IgG/IgM与预后的关系

高IgG/IgM组患者的中位PFS为10.1个月,而低IgG/IgM组患者的中位PFS为15.7个月,差异无统计学意义(P=0.053)。高IgG/IgM组患者的中位OS为20.6个月,低IgG/IgM组患者的中位OS为未达到,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.792,P=0.016)(图1)。高IgG/IgM组与低IgG/IgM组中,挽救性肝切除均与OS改善显著相关(χ2值分别为8.297、10.307,P值均<0.05)(图2)。

将单因素分析(表2)中符合条件的变量纳入多因素分析,结果显示:模型1(未纳入靶肿瘤直径、肿瘤数目、大血管侵犯和肝外转移)中,高IgG/IgM是OS的独立危险因素(HR=1.799,95%CI:1.077~3.006,P=0.025),基线AFP>400 ng/mL(P=0.043)和BCLC分期(P=0.010)也是OS的独立影响因素;模型2(未纳入BCLC分期)中,高IgG/IgM(HR=1.705,95%CI:1.017~2.856,P=0.043)与大血管侵犯(HR=1.959,95%CI:1.089~3.521,P=0.025)是OS的独立危险因素(表3)。

3 讨论

在iuHCC患者的治疗中,TTP三联治疗是具有广阔前景的联合治疗模式6。本研究发现,TTP三联治疗在iuHCC患者中表现出良好的疗效和可耐受的安全性,而高IgG/IgM是患者预后不良的重要预测指标。

近年来,学者们对HCC的多模式联合疗法进行了广泛研究1028-29。其中值得关注的是,TTP三联治疗具有协同增效的作用,可提供更高的ORR,甚至可为部分患者提供治愈性切除的机会79。其中,最具代表性的是获得阳性结果的帕博利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼和TACE治疗iuHCC的全球多中心Ⅲ期临床试验(LEAP-012)30。本研究中,iuHCC患者在TTP三联治疗后获得了较高的ORR和疾病控制率;中位OS为26.7个月,中位PFS为12.5个月,且该疗法的不良事件是可耐受的。以上结果表明,TTP三联治疗是有效且安全的,对iuHCC患者具有重要价值。

免疫球蛋白在HCC的发生发展中发挥重要的作用2131-32。研究表明,与健康对照组相比,HCC患者的血清IgG及IgM等抗体水平明显升高33。这些肿瘤反应性抗体反映了机体对肿瘤生长的体液免疫反应,能够结合胞内或细胞表面的肿瘤相关抗原34-35。Chen等36研究表明,IgG+浆细胞促进了HCC中致瘤巨噬细胞的形成,且其浸润增加与患者生存率降低有关。此外,在HCC等肿瘤细胞中检测到IgG分泌,而抑制IgG分泌可以抑制肿瘤细胞的生长37。既往研究表明,IgG免疫阳性的HCC患者具有更高的AFP异质体水平、更大的肿瘤和更高的门静脉癌栓发生率,且肿瘤来源的IgG可在体外促进HCC细胞的增殖;该研究还发现,接受根治性肝切除术后患者的血清IgG异质体水平明显下降,但是在术后复发的患者中该指标又显著上升,提示高IgG异质体与更差的预后有关21。相比之下,IgM水平对HCC患者的作用仍存在争议。研究显示,在接受局部治疗或索拉非尼治疗的HCC患者中,治疗有效与无效的患者相比IgM复合物的水平显著降低23;而在接受免疫治疗的HCC患者中,高IgM水平的患者预后更好38。Li等39也发现,C-C基序趋化因子配体5缺陷可减少HCC中B细胞的募集和IgM的分泌,进而促进HCC进展。本研究虽未观察到IgG和IgM各自与预后存在关联,但是证实高IgG/IgM的患者有着更差的预后,提示IgG/IgM可能作为接受TTP三联治疗的iuHCC患者的潜在预后标志物。

挽救性肝切除可能是iuHCC患者获得根治的唯一途径4640。已有研究报道,接受挽救性肝切除患者的预后显著优于未能接受挽救性肝切除以及直接接受肝切除的患者91327。Liu等41研究表明,在接受联合治疗成功降期后,挽救性肝切除较继续接受联合治疗可以显著改善患者的预后。上述研究结果表明,挽救性肝切除在iuHCC患者中具有重要价值,达到可切除标准后可以通过肝切除术进一步改善预后。为了进一步探讨挽救性肝切除的优势,本研究在不同IgG/IgM亚组的患者中比较了接受手术和未能接受手术患者的预后,结果显示在不同IgG/IgM亚组中均发现接受挽救性肝切除的患者预后更好。这提示挽救性肝切除对高IgG/IgM患者的预后改善具有潜在价值,或可改善高IgG/IgM对预后的不良影响。

但本研究仍存在一些局限性:(1)回顾性设计可能导致潜在的选择偏倚,需要通过前瞻性研究进一步验证相关结果;(2)研究使用了多种PD-1抑制剂和TKI,虽然没有直接证据表明在不同的药物组合下患者的预后存在明显差异,但是仍然需要进一步的研究来探讨各种组合的疗效差异。

综上所述,在接受TTP三联治疗的iuHCC患者中,高IgG/IgM与更差的预后相关,而挽救性肝切除对高IgG/IgM患者的预后改善具有潜在价值。

伦理学声明

本研究于2023年12月6日经由广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院伦理委员会审查批准,批号:LW2023185,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82360537)

四川省基层卫生事业发展研究中心重点项目(SWFZ24-Z-02)

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