慢加急性肝衰竭前期的研究现状

赵睿 ,  焦婧然 ,  陈煜

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (02) : 286 -292.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (02) : 286 -292. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260206
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慢加急性肝衰竭前期的研究现状

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Current status of research on pre-acute-on-chronic liver failure

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摘要

慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)是一种在慢性肝病基础上由急性诱因引发的高病死率综合征,临床发现ACLF具有一定可逆性,早期干预可改善预后,延误诊治则显著增加病死率。近年来,领域内学者提出“ACLF前期”(Pre-ACLF)概念,旨在通过早期识别和干预改善临床结局。本文系统回顾了Pre-ACLF的概念起源及国内外的最新定义,总结了Pre-ACLF研究中传统临床-实验室指标、高通量组学和分子生物学机制的最新进展;并提出需进一步统一Pre-ACLF定义的重要临床需求。

Abstract

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome with high mortality triggered by acute predisposing factors in patients with underlying chronic liver diseases. Clinical studies have shown that ACLF can be reversed to a certain degree, and early intervention can improve patient prognosis, whereas delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to a significant increase in mortality. In recent years, scholars in this field have proposed the concept of “pre-acute-on-chronic liver failure (Pre-ACLF)”, which aims to improve clinical outcomes through early identification and intervention. This article systematically reviews the origin of the Pre-ACLF concept and its latest definitions in China and globally, summarizes the latest research advances in Pre-ACLF in terms of traditional clinical-laboratory parameters, high-throughput omics, and molecular biological mechanisms, and proposes the important clinical need for further unifying the definition of Pre-ACLF.

关键词

慢加急性肝功能衰竭 / 终末期肝病 / 早期诊断

Key words

Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure / End Stage Liver Disease / Early Diagnosis

引用本文

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赵睿,焦婧然,陈煜. 慢加急性肝衰竭前期的研究现状[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(02): 286-292 DOI:10.12449/JCH260206

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慢加急性肝衰竭(acute-on-chronic liver failure,ACLF)是指在慢性肝病或肝硬化基础上,由急性诱因引起的、以短期高致死率为特征的严重临床综合征1。目前,ACLF的治疗手段仍以内科综合治疗为主,部分患者有望接受肝移植手术。尽管诊疗技术不断进步,但ACLF的病死率目前仍处于较高水平2
临床诊疗中发现,ACLF病程存在一定的可逆性3-4。部分患者可通过早期及时的内科治疗和/或人工肝支持,从而实现肝功能储备恢复,提高生存率和改善远期预后,约50%的ACLF 1级患者可逆转至无ACLF状态5。因此,早期识别和及时干预对改善ACLF患者预后至关重要。然而,实现这一策略面临的核心挑战在于如何发现并准确识别ACLF疾病的早期阶段,并动态监测其病程中出现的器官功能障碍。
基于这一尚未满足的临床需求,研究学者正致力于慢加急性肝衰竭前期(Pre-ACLF)的定义和识别研究。近年来,随着ACLF概念逐步统一6-7及多项前瞻性队列的建立8-11,为明确Pre-ACLF定义并建立诊断标准创造了条件。本文旨在系统梳理Pre-ACLF定义的演变过程,总结其研究进展,并强调对其诊断标准进行统一化的迫切需求。

1 Pre-ACLF的提出及当前定义更新

1.1 概念溯源与关键研究节点

Pre-ACLF的提出源于临床实践,最初被视为经验性概念,也被称作“黄金治疗窗口期”,指在发生急性肝损伤后,尚未出现全身炎症反应综合征的阶段12。Pre-ACLF的定义经历了从临床经验到前瞻性研究验证的演进过程。概念雏形可追溯至2005年提出的“肝衰竭前期”,用于描述慢性乙型肝炎治疗过程中出现的黄疸与凝血功能障碍等急性加剧状态13。2011年,我国毛青教授提出“慢加急性肝衰竭前期”的概念,并验证了地塞米松对延缓病情进展的作用14;随后该概念被正式纳入《肝衰竭诊治指南(2012年版)》15。2020年,欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)慢性肝衰竭联盟基于前瞻性研究,将急性失代偿期肝硬化中90 d内进展为ACLF的亚群定义为Pre-ACLF16,另有研究则将时间窗限定为28 d17。中华医学会《肝衰竭诊治指南(2024年版)》18基于中国重型乙型肝炎研究组(Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B,COSSH)的诊断标准,以血清总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBil)>12 mg/dL为基础,联合凝血、肾脏或神经任一系统功能障碍诊断为ACLF 1级;同时强调,对于未达到诊断标准的患者应动态观察,针对黄疸快速上升、症状严重和凝血功能处于临界状态的患者,应考虑为Pre-ACLF。目前,由于ACLF本身的诊断标准尚未统一,不同指南与研究中对Pre-ACLF的界定亦存在差异。因此,在最新指南框架下,明确Pre-ACLF发生发展的关键时间节点与诊断标准,已成为当前亟待解决的核心问题。

1.2 当前定义更新

2025年,中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组、终末期肝病营养与再生学组制定了国内第一部《慢加急性肝衰竭诊治指南(2025年版)》19。此外,ACLF最新的定义和诊断标准被不同国家(地区)的多个学会(组织)提出,包括亚太肝病学会提出的2025版京都共识6、2023版EASL指南20、2023版美国肝病学会指南21以及2021版美国胃肠病学会指南22。本综述将回顾这些学会(组织)的最新指南(标准)中对于Pre-ACLF的定义。

1.2.1 国内对Pre-ACLF的定义

《慢加急性肝衰竭诊治指南(2025年版)》中19,根据起病时的临床表现将ACLF分为2种类型:ACLF-Ⅰ型,表现为慢性肝病(主要为慢性肝炎或代偿期肝硬化)基础上的急性严重肝损伤;ACLF-Ⅱ型,表现为肝硬化(代偿期肝硬化、失代偿期肝硬化)基础上的急性肝功能失代偿。因缺乏循证医学证据,指南中仅对ACLF-Ⅰ型明确了Pre-ACLF的定义:(1)出现明显乏力、厌食、呕吐和腹胀等严重消化道症状;(2)丙氨酸氨基转移酶和/或天冬氨酸氨基转移酶大幅升高,黄疸进行性加深,5 mg/dL(85.5 μmol/L)≤TBil<12 mg/dL(205.2 μmol/L);(3)出现凝血功能障碍,表现为凝血酶原时间活动度(prothrombin time activity,PTA)进行性下降但>40%,国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)<1.5。

中国一项多中心研究显示,在Pre-ACLF患者中,约30%为失代偿期肝硬化,并证实TBil是其病情进展的独立危险因素23。但在ACLF-Ⅱ型中,此类人群的精准识别仍需更多高质量前瞻性研究予以明确,其界定仍是当前临床实践中的难点。

1.2.2 国际上对Pre-ACLF的定义

2023版EASL指南20中,Pre-ACLF的定义延续了预测慢加急性肝衰竭研究(predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure study,PREDICT)中5所观察到的这一群体的特征:因发生急性失代偿(acute decompensation,AD)住院后,3个月内发展为ACLF的患者,即认为Pre-ACLF是AD和ACLF之间的过渡状态,但不同于二者。PREDICT研究同时发现,与Pre-ACLF患者相比,入院时即发生ACLF的患者,其系统炎症标志物水平更高,且入院时的慢性肝病联盟评分及终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分也更高。

多项国际指南621-22均延续PREDICT研究对Pre-ACLF的定义,未提出新的定义,一致认为需对此类患者进行密切监测,但目前仍缺乏能够精准预测其向ACLF发展的生物标志物。各指南也指出,当前定义的难点源于ACLF诊断标准的异质性,并建议将用于疾病诊断的标志物与推断预后的标志物予以区分。

综上所述,ACLF是明确的器官衰竭终末状态,而Pre-ACLF是其前沿高风险状态。国内指南侧重于从“疾病严重程度”的角度来界定这一阶段,而国际指南则更倾向于“时间进程”。两者共同深化了对肝衰竭连续演变过程的认识,旨在实现早期预警和干预。未来,Pre-ACLF的定义同样需要概念统一来定义临床和基础研究中的关键研究节点,这需要全球学者的共同努力。

2 Pre-ACLF的当前研究进展

本文综述近年来采用不同研究手段在Pre-ACLF领域所取得的最新进展,旨在深化对疾病进程的认知,全面评估当前研究现状,探讨尚未解决的关键科学问题,并提出值得关注的新方向。因当前Pre-ACLF的定义尚未统一,后文将遵循各原始研究对Pre-ACLF的定义(表1),不作统一界定。

2.1 Pre-ACLF研究中的传统临床-实验室指标

大部分的研究主要采用传统临床-实验室指标来探究Pre-ACLF,这构成了当前最为直观且易于验证和推广的范式。

2.1.1 用于构建预测模型的关键指标

多项研究通过整合多个关键指标,构建了用于预测Pre-ACLF发生风险的模型。在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染相关Pre-ACLF方面,基线TBil、肌酐、INR及合并细菌感染等因素均被报道与Pre-ACLF相关31。有研究强调,基线TBil、MELD评分、PTA及Child-Pugh评分的最大变化率对预测Pre-ACLF具有良好的效能,并提示应特别关注基线PTA在60%~70%的患者24。在一项大规模多中心前瞻性队列研究中,利用TBil、INR、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和铁蛋白构建了COSSH-onset-ACLF评分,用于预测非ACLF患者进展为ACLF25。在酒精性肝病中,多中心研究发现Pre-ACLF患者的基线TBil、INR及白细胞计数较高,而血清钠水平偏低,并基于此建立了相应的预测模型26

针对肝硬化背景下的Pre-ACLF,欧洲PREDICT研究显示,Pre-ACLF患者全身炎症水平更高,表现为白细胞计数和C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平上升16。后续的外部验证确立了基于CRP、高MELD评分、低白蛋白和低血红蛋白的诊断模型32。针对HBV相关肝硬化患者,已经构建了以“HBV诱发事件-全身炎症-器官损伤”为框架的预测模型,可有效识别Pre-ACLF高风险人群9,模型最佳临界值为0.22。另有模型整合了肝肾功能、血红蛋白、年龄及危险饮酒行为等变量,可用于预测肝硬化患者ACLF的发生风险33。近期,有研究基于CRP、CLIF-C AD评分和Child-Pugh分级构建了用于识别Pre-ACLF的Padua评分系统27

综上所述,针对常见病因的Pre-ACLF,已经构建了多种基于传统临床-实验室指标的预测模型或评分系统,但在更多肝病基础病因下的Pre-ACLF预测模型仍有待探索。

2.1.2 具有潜力的单一标志物

除构建的模型外,部分特定的传统临床-实验室指标作为单一标志物显示出预测潜力。在HBV相关Pre-ACLF方面,血清补体成分3水平与慢性乙型肝炎患者进展为ACLF的风险呈显著负相关28。血清自毒素水平在Pre-ACLF患者中显著升高,其水平≥584.1 ng/mL提示不良预后,在ACLF早期识别中具有潜在价值17。值得注意的是,在酒精性肝病研究中,尽管未达统计学显著性,但观察到Pre-ACLF患者的平均动脉压呈下降趋势,提示循环功能早期障碍可能作为潜在参考26。此外,非静脉曲张性胃肠道出血也被报道与Pre-ACLF相关34,表明胃肠功能损伤可能作为Pre-ACLF的补充诊断指标。此外,氨基末端B型利钠肽前体被证实与等待肝移植的肝硬化患者进展为ACLF相关35。有学者进一步指出,探索此类简便、客观且广泛可用的生物标志物对于预测ACLF不同阶段具有潜在价值,但仍需更多研究验证36

2.1.3 新型评估工具的应用

一些新型临床-实验室指标也被用于Pre-ACLF的识别与预测。在凝血功能方面,血栓调节素修饰的凝血酶生成可反映终末期肝硬化患者促凝与抗凝的失衡状态,其基线水平与后续ACLF发生相关37;然而,亦有研究指出血浆高凝状态、凝血激活及纤溶亢进与急性失代偿期肝硬化向ACLF进展无显著关联27。在影像学评估方面,肝脏增强磁共振的功能性肝成像评分显示出良好的预测能力,该评分为0~3分的患者发生ACLF的风险,较4~6分者增加约6倍38

综上所述,既往基于临床-实验室指标的Pre-ACLF研究主要集中于反映肝功能状态的基线参数,间接表明肝损伤可能构成疾病演进的早期触发因素,并提示在Pre-ACLF阶段通过强化基础肝病的监测与干预,或有助于延缓疾病向ACLF的进展。

2.2 Pre-ACLF研究中的高通量组学结果

高通量组学的应用推动了重症肝病研究从宏观表型描述向精准机制探索的转变。转录组学、蛋白组学等技术陆续揭示了具有病程分期潜力的生物标志物,为解析疾病机制提供了新视角。本节将着重不同测序技术手段回顾当前Pre-ACLF研究进展。

转录组学测序提示,在HBV相关Pre-ACLF阶段已出现显著的免疫与炎症相关基因表达改变。针对不同病程的HBV相关ACLF患者外周血单个核细胞转录组数据揭示,干扰素相关的差异基因在ACLF早期阶段即已升高39。近期基于外周血转录组开发的慢性肝衰竭-系统性炎症基因评分29,在欧美和拉丁美洲人群的跨地区队列中能够有效识别Pre-ACLF患者;Yang的研究团队40使用该评分在HBV人群中有效区分了Pre-ACLF阶段。该评分涉及28个基因,包括先天免疫相关基因上调和淋巴细胞功能相关基因下调,反映了Pre-ACLF向ACLF进展中逐步扩大的炎症状态。

在代谢组学方面,中国慢(加急)性肝衰竭联盟构建基于靶向代谢物的双代谢物模型,联合TBil、INR和肝硬化状态,用于诊断HBV相关Pre-ACLF,并提示膜脂代谢降低与氧化应激激活等代谢失衡机制参与疾病进展30

ACLF病理生理机制的另一个重要假说是肠道屏障受损引起肠道微生物异位,并最终导致炎症41。肠道菌群可在一定程度上反映肠道的微环境和功能。Bajaj等1142多项研究证明,进展至ACLF的患者存在更严重的菌群失调,表现为变形菌门与厚壁菌门类群富集,且特定微生物代谢物可用于病程分层。虽然当前大多数研究关注肠道菌群与ACLF患者疾病结局的相关性43-44,但其同样是一种具有潜力且经济可行的纵向研究方式,可用于定义Pre-ACLF。

目前仍缺乏高质量的纵向队列研究用于探索Pre-ACLF。近期模拟不同病因和诱因的ACLF新型动物模型的构建45-46,使得基于动物模型的时序研究成为可能。已有针对外周血单个核细胞47和利用肝移植手术切除肝组织的单细胞转录组测序的队列研究48,在诊断明确的ACLF患者中挖掘治疗靶点。但因耗费高昂、Pre-ACLF阶段的定义尚未达成共识等原因,目前尚缺乏在单细胞水平的Pre-ACLF分层和量化,这是未来值得期待的研究方向。

此外,其他新兴技术,如外泌体测序49、细胞死亡途径相关标志物检测50等,同样具备识别疾病不同阶段的潜力。未来有望在纵向队列中通过多模态量化识别并精准分层Pre-ACLF。

2.3 Pre-ACLF研究中的分子生物学机制

PREDICT研究表明,白细胞介素-6水平及人类中性粒细胞抗原I的表达与Pre-ACLF相关16。在HBV相关ACLF患者中,多项研究提示系统性炎症相关标志物在Pre-ACLF阶段已呈现特征性改变。例如,V-端含免疫球蛋白结构域蛋白4的表达水平随ACLF病程推进而发生动态演变,表明其或可以作为量化Pre-ACLF的潜在指标51。此外,Pre-ACLF患者髓源性抑制细胞数量呈上升趋势,血清白细胞介素-33与可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白水平亦显著增高52-53。此部分尚需进一步探索以确定具体截断值,从而评估其对Pre-ACLF的预测价值。

3 小结

本文探讨了当前认知下的Pre-ACLF概念,伴随着多项高质量前瞻性队列的建设和研究开展,使得定义这一重要而难以界定的疾病阶段成为可能。关注Pre-ACLF并实现对病程的精准分层,将为ACLF的临床管理和诊治提供帮助,提供干预治疗窗口,减少疾病的公共卫生负担。

针对Pre-ACLF的研究是重要的临床需求,且处于蓬勃发展阶段。目前,大量基于临床数据的研究已经开发出多种Pre-ACLF预测模型,但尚缺乏高质量临床队列中的验证和明确量化截断值,仍需要更多的循证医学证据。结合纵向队列或时序性动物模型,利用高通量测序以发现动态、即时的Pre-ACLF标志物,是一个极具前景的研究方向。现阶段仍需致力于精准区分不同病因和不同肝脏基础疾病下的Pre-ACLF,并探索病理生理机制的异同,以实现对ACLF这一危重疾病的全面、规范管理。

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