不同运动干预对代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者的影响:系统评价与网状Meta分析

马国东 ,  孙卓璟 ,  胡松 ,  叶子俊 ,  马铭辰 ,  崔菲 ,  朱家驹

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (02) : 326 -344.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (02) : 326 -344. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260213
脂肪性肝病

不同运动干预对代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者的影响:系统评价与网状Meta分析

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Effect of different exercise interventions on patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A systematic review and network Meta-analysis

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摘要

目的 系统评价不同运动干预对代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)患者代谢与肝脏指标的影响,为临床运动康复提供循证建议。 方法 依据PRISMA指南开展研究,方案已在PROSPERO平台注册(注册号:CRD42025641717)。检索PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus、Wiley Online Library、中国知网、万方数据、维普等数据库中自建库至2024年9月发表的相关文献,采用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具评价文献质量,并运用Stata MP 17.0软件进行网状Meta分析。 结果 纳入57篇文献,涉及2 648例患者。结果显示,有氧联合抗阻运动在改善体重指数(BMI)[加权均数差(WMD)=-0.97,95%置信区间(CI):-1.66~-0.28,P<0.05,累积排序概率曲线下面积(SUCRA)=85.4]与甘油三酯(WMD=-29.6,95%CI:-46.66~12.54,P<0.05,SUCRA=87.3)方面效果最优;抗阻运动为改善总胆固醇(WMD=-15.99,95%CI:-24.19~-7.79,P<0.05,SUCRA=79.9)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(WMD=-8.08,95%CI:-12.13~-4.02,P<0.05,SUCRA=87.3)的最优干预方式;低强度有氧运动在改善天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(WMD=-4.3,95%CI:-8.45~-0.15,P<0.05,SUCRA=73.5)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(WMD=-3.26,95%CI:-7.79~1.27,P>0.05,SUCRA=82.3)、糖化血红蛋白(WMD=-0.6,95%CI:-2.02~0.82,P>0.05,SUCRA=78.8)方面效果最优;中等强度有氧运动则为改善胰岛素抵抗指数(WMD=-0.92,95%CI:-1.51~-0.33,P<0.05,SUCRA=69.4)的最优干预方式。需注意的是,糖化血红蛋白与γ-谷氨酰转移酶的各项运动干预均未呈现统计学差异(P值均>0.05),提示目前尚无足够统计学证据支持运动能够改善上述两项指标。 结论 有氧联合抗阻运动、抗阻运动以及低、中强度有氧运动可能是改善MAFLD患者关键指标的最佳运动方式,针对不同指标可选用针对性的运动方式进行干预,但受原始研究限制,以上结论仍需进一步验证与探究。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effect of different exercise interventions on metabolism and liver parameters in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical exercise rehabilitation. Methods This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered on the PROSPERO platform, with a registration number of CRD42025641717. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP were searched for related articles published up to September 2024. The Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias was used to assess the quality of articles, and Stata MP 17.0 was used to perform the network meta-analysis. Results A total of 57 articles were included, involving 2 648 patients. The results showed that aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise had the best effect in improving body mass index (mean difference [WMD]=-0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.66 to -0.28], P<0.05, surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA]=85.4) and triglycerides (WMD=-29.6, 95%CI: -46.66 to 12.54, P<0.05, SUCRA=87.3); resistance exercise was the optimal intervention method for improving total cholesterol (WMD=-15.99, 95%CI: -24.19 to -7.79, P<0.05, SUCRA=79.9) and glutamine transaminase (WMD=-8.08, 95%CI: -12.13 to -4.02, P<0.05, SUCRA=87.3); low-intensity aerobic exercise had the best effect in improving aspartate aminotransferase (WMD=-4.3, 95%CI: -8.45 to -0.15, P<0.05, SUCRA=73.5), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (WMD=-3.26, 95%CI: -7.79 to 1.27, P>0.05, SUCRA=82.3), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (WMD=-0.6, 95%CI: -2.02 to 0.82, P>0.05, SUCRA=78.8); moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was the optimal intervention modality to improve Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (WMD=-0.92, 95%CI: -1.51 to -0.33, P<0.05, SUCRA=69.4). It should be noted that there were no significant differences in HbA1c and GGT across different exercise interventions (all P>0.05), suggesting that there was currently no sufficient statistical evidence to support that exercise could improve these two indicators. Conclusion Based on the comprehensive league table and cumulative probability ranking, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, resistance exercise, and low- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may be the best exercise modality for improving key indicators in MAFLD patients, and targeted exercise modalities should be selected for intervention against different indicators; however, due to limitations of the original studies, further studies are needed for validation and exploration.

Graphical abstract

关键词

代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / 运动疗法 / 网络Meta分析

Key words

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Exercise Therapy / Network Meta-Analysis

引用本文

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马国东,孙卓璟,胡松,叶子俊,马铭辰,崔菲,朱家驹. 不同运动干预对代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者的影响:系统评价与网状Meta分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(02): 326-344 DOI:10.12449/JCH260213

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代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD)的命名源于国际肝病学界对疾病本质的重新认知,标志着从“非酒精性”到“代谢相关”的范式转变1。中华医学会肝病学分会于2024年发布的《代谢相关(非酒精性)脂肪性肝病防治指南(2024年版)》2对此更名持积极态度,标志着全球医学界对这一疾病的认知与管理策略正逐步统一和深化。在更名前,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的全球流行率已高达38%3,我国患病率也呈现显著代际差异,2015—2018年总体患病率为32.3%,其中20~39岁人群为28.6%,较2008—2010年增长37.2%,预计到2030年患者总数将突破3亿4-5。伴随城市化进程的加快和青少年肥胖率的上升,MAFLD的低龄化倾向愈发明显6
运动干预作为MAFLD的有效防治手段,每周超过60 min的高强度体育活动可使发病风险降低42%7。然而,不同运动模式对患者的影响存在相互矛盾的结果8-9,且有研究认为有氧运动与抗阻运动对患者的改善能力相当10-11。一项大样本随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial, RCT)将患者分配至中或高强度运动组,结果显示,不同强度训练对肝脏酶指标的影响无显著差异12。由此可见,尽管运动干预在MAFLD管理中具有潜在价值,现有证据仍存在不一致性与局限性。从当前研究来看,各证据间缺乏直接比较,仍需进一步探析。网状Meta分析能够综合评估多种干预措施的治疗效果差异及相对有效性,并提供其疗效排序的概率量化结果。因此,本文基于网状Meta分析探讨不同运动干预对MAFLD患者的影响,旨在为临床和体育实践提供更科学的指导。

1 资料与方法

1.1 规程与注册

本文严格遵循荟萃分析PRISMA声明进行撰写,且研究方案已在国际前瞻性系统综述注册平台PROSPERO注册(注册号:CRD42025641717)。

1.2 文献检索策略

在PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus、Wiley Online Library、中国知网、万方数据、维普数据库检索相关文献,时间为自建库至2024年9月,最后一次检索时间为2024年9月2日。英文检索词包括:fatty liver、non-alcoholic fatty liver disease、steatohpatitis、nonalcoholic steatohepatitis、steatosis of liver、liver steatosis、NAFLD、MAFLD、MASLD、exercise、training、aerobic exercise、aerobic training、moderate intensity continuous training、resistance training、resistance exercise、strength training、concurrent training、high intensity interval training、blood flow restriction、moderate intensity continuous training、physical activity;中文检索词包括:运动、训练、锻炼、干预、非酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝患者、非酒精性脂肪肝病、代谢功能障碍、代谢相关脂肪性肝病、NAFLD、MAFLD、MASLD。以PubMed为例,具体检索式见表1

1.3 文献纳入及排除标准

根据PICOS原则制定文献纳入标准。(1)研究对象(P)为符合NAFLD或MAFLD诊断标准的患者,不限制性别、年龄及生活习惯;其中根据最新MAFLD诊断标准,体质正常或偏瘦人群[即高加索人体重指数(body mass index, BMI)<25 kg/m2或亚洲人BMI<23 kg/m2]存在以下两种或以上即确诊为MAFLD:a.腰围≥102/88 cm(高加索男性/女性)或≥90/80 cm(亚洲男性/女性);b.血压≥130/85 mmHg或正接受降压药物治疗;c.血浆甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)≥150 mg/dL(≥1.7 mmol/L)或正接受降脂药物治疗;d.血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (男性:<40 mg/dL或<1.0 mmol/L)和(女性:<50 mg/dL或<1.3 mmol/L)或正接受降脂药物治疗;e.糖尿病前期,即空腹血糖100~125 mg/dL(5.6~6.9 mmol/L),或2 h餐后血糖140~199 mg/dL(7.8~11.0 mmol/L)或糖化血红蛋白(glycated haemoglobin A1c, HbA1c)5.7%~6.4%(39~47 mmol/mol);f.稳态模型评估(homeostatic model assessment,HOMA),胰岛素抵抗≥2.5;g.血浆高敏C反应蛋白>2 mg/L13。(2)干预措施(I)为各形式运动干预,不限制运动内容。(3)比较措施(C)包括无干预、标准护理或拉伸运动。(4)选取与诊断标准相关指标或肝脏酶指标共计8项,主要结局指标(O)包括BMI、TG、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT),次要结局指标为稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)、HbA1c;(5)研究类型(S)限定为RCT。

排除标准:(1)动物实验;(2)无法获取全文或无法提取有效数据的文献;(3)重复发表及会议或综述论文;(4)非中英文文献;(5)涉及饮食干预或运动联合饮食干预的研究。

1.4 文献筛查及资料提取

文献管理及去重通过EndNote 20软件完成,再通过阅读标题与摘要剔除不相关文献,按照纳入及排除标准进行全文阅读后剔除不符合要求的文献。此过程由2位研究者独立完成,若出现意见分歧,则与第3位研究者讨论决定。

为探究运动强度对MAFLD患者的影响,参考美国运动医学会运动处方指南及近年相关文献,采用基于最大心率百分比(percentage of maximum heart rate, %HRmax)的相对强度进行分类。个体最大心率计算公式为“220-年龄”,%HRmax=运动时心率/个体最大心率×100%。将有氧运动划分为:低强度(%HRmax<64)、中等强度(%HRmax处于64~76)及高强度(%HRmax>76)14-15

提取资料包括:第一作者;发表年份;样本年龄、样本量、分组情况;训练特征;结局指标。

文中各指标均已换算为统一单位,血脂指标(TG、TC):mg/dL;肝脏酶学指标(ALT、AST、GGT):U/L;HbA1c:%。

1.5 偏倚风险评价

采用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具,从以下7个方面评价文献质量:(1)随机分配方法;(2)分配方案的隐藏;(3)对参与者及实现人员是否实施盲法;(4)对结果评估的盲法;(5)结果数据完整性;(6)选择性报告研究结果;(7)是否存在其他偏倚。

1.6 统计学方法

本文所纳入的指标均为连续变量且单位统一,故使用加权均数差(WMD)及其95%置信区间(CI)作为效应指标,若95%CI包含0,则表示组间干预措施比较无统计学意义。使用Stata MP 17.0软件中的“mvmeta”程序及“network”程序完成网状Meta分析:证据网络中的圆点大小代表样本量大小,圆点间的连线表示两种运动方式间存在直接比较;当证据网络图出现闭环时,需进行全局及局部不一致性检验,局部不一致性检验主要是基于节点劈裂法进行,使用基于环的不一致性检验,根据不一致性因子及95%CI判断直接比较与间接比较的差异。以累积排序概率曲线下面积(surface under the cumulative ranking curve, SUCRA)及联赛表对不同运动干预措施的治疗效果进行排序。SUCRA值越高,表明该干预措施的相对有效性越高。通过绘制比较-校正漏斗图识别网络中是否存在发表偏倚或小样本效应。

2 结果

2.1 文献检索结果

检索七大数据库,获取文献13 936篇,以追溯法获取文献43篇,经过EndNote 20剔除重复文献4 511篇,阅读标题及摘要后剩余379篇,阅读全文后最终纳入57篇文献(图1)。

2.2 文献基本信息与质量评价

57篇文献中,有8篇为三臂研究,剩余均为双臂研究。多数为2018年后发表的文章(含2018年发表的30篇,53%),5篇研究对象为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎人群,其余均为NAFLD或MAFLD人群,共计患者2 648例,其中试验组1 613例,对照组1 035例,患者多数为40~60岁(42篇,74%),2篇所纳入患者未成年(<18岁),2篇文献未说明年龄特征。

干预措施包括有氧运动(aerobic training, AT)、高强度间歇运动(high-intensity interval training, HIIT)、抗阻运动(resistance training, RT)、有氧联合抗阻运动(aerobic combined with resistance exercise, AT+RT)、全身振动训练(whole-body vibration training, WBV)、抗阻联合高强度间歇运动(resistance combined with high-intensity interval training, RT+HIIT)、有氧联合全身振动训练(aerobic combined with whole-body vibration training, AT+WBV)、普拉提训练(Pilates)8种;对照组(control group, CON)2篇采用拉伸,其余均为无干预或标准护理(表2)。

在纳入的57项研究中,44项明确报告了随机分配方法(如在线随机序列生成器),1项因按患者个人偏好分组而被归为高风险,其余未予说明。19项文献明确提及了分配方案的隐藏措施,例如采用不透光密封信封或明确声明对研究人员隐藏分组。所有患者均知晓自身运动方案,考虑到运动干预对受试者实施盲法较为困难及对最终结果影响有限。22项研究提出结局指标由盲法评估者或独立实验室及技术人员完成提取。6项研究因未说明患者脱落原因,数据完整性被标为未知风险;所有研究均完成试验注册,但4项因未提供原始试验方案链接,在选择性报告结果被标记为未知风险。另有17项因未报告监测细节、资助或利益冲突声明等而可能存在其他未知风险。所有研究均获当地伦理委员会批准;且患者均签署知情同意书(图2)。

2.3 证据网络图

证据网络图中,圆点表示各干预措施,圆点面积越大表示样本量越多,圆点间线条表示干预措施间存在直接比较,线条粗细与研究数量成正比。不一致性检验结果显示:全局不一致性检验各项P值均>0.05(具体为PBMI=0.70,PTG=0.72,PTC=0.91,PALT=0.81,PAST=0.41,PGGT=0.66,PHOMA-IR=0.69,PHbA1c=0.90);节点劈裂法亦显示所有比较各项P值均>0.05,可采用一致性模型进行分析。基于环的不一致性检验结果:95%CI下限均包含0,表明环不一致性不显著,直接比较结果与间接比较结果具有一致性(图3)。

2.4 网状Meta分析

2.4.1 BMI

纳入43项研究,样本量1 365例。结果显示,与CON组相比,AT+RT(WMD=-0.97,95%CI:-1.66~-0.28,P<0.05)、低强度AT(WMD=-0.41,95%CI:-0.82~0.00,P<0.05)、中等强度AT(WMD=-0.33,95%CI:-0.59~-0.07,P<0.05)、RT(WMD=-0.28,95%CI:-0.48~-0.07,P<0.05)对降低患者BMI具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图4)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:AT+RT(SUCRA=85.4)、RT+HIIT(SUCRA=57.3)、WBV(SUCRA=57)、低强度AT(SUCRA=56.5)、高强度AT(SUCRA=51.5)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=49.7)、RT(SUCRA=41.5)、HIIT(SUCRA=40)、CON(SUCRA=11.1)(图5)。

2.4.2 TG

纳入38项研究,样本量1 311例。结果显示,与CON组相比,AT+RT(WMD=-29.6,95%CI:-46.66~-12.54,P<0.05)、中等强度AT(WMD=-20.87,95%CI:-29.79~-11.95,P<0.05)、HIIT(WMD=-20.34,95%CI:-27.87~-12.82,P<0.05)、RT(WMD=-16.13,95%CI:-28.12~-4.14,P<0.05)对降低患者TG具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较结果显示,AT+RT、中等强度AT、HIIT干预效果优于WBV与高强度AT(P值均<0.05),其余两干预措施间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图6)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:AT+RT(SUCRA=87.3)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=70.2)、HIIT(SUCRA=68.1)、低强度AT(SUCRA=59.8)、RT(SUCRA=56)、AT+WBV(SUCRA=55)、WBV(SUCRA=21.3)、高强度AT(SUCRA=18.8)、CON(SUCRA=13.5)(图5)。

2.4.3 TC

纳入34项研究,样本量1 152例。结果显示,与CON组相比,RT(WMD=-15.99,95%CI:-24.19~-7.79,P<0.05)、中等强度AT(WMD=-8.67,95%CI:-14.79~-2.56,P<0.05)、HIIT(WMD=-8.09,95%CI:-15.39~-0.78,P<0.05)对降低患者TC具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图7)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:AT+WBV(SUCRA=84.9)、RT(SUCRA=79.9)、低强度AT(SUCRA=58.3)、AT+RT(SUCRA=47.5)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=44.2)、HIIT(SUCRA=41.3)、高强度AT(SUCRA=40.3)、CON(SUCRA=3.6)(图5)。

2.4.4 肝脏酶指标

(1)ALT:纳入41项研究,样本量1 993例。结果显示,与CON组相比,RT(WMD=-8.08,95%CI:-12.13~-4.02,P<0.05)、HIIT(WMD=-6.04,95%CI:-9.44~-2.63,P<0.05)、中等强度AT(WMD=-6.04,95%CI:-9.70~-2.38,P<0.05)对降低患者ALT具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。RT干预效果优于AT+RT(P<0.05),其余两干预措施间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图8)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:RT(SUCRA=87.3)、HIIT(SUCRA=68.8)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=68.5)、Pilates(SUCRA=58.9)、AT+WBV(SUCRA=49.7)、低强度AT(SUCRA=41.8)、高强度AT(SUCRA=40.6)、AT+RT(SUCRA=24.5)、CON(SUCRA=9.7)(图5)。

(2) AST:纳入37项研究,样本量1 889例。结果显示,与CON组相比,低强度AT(WMD=-4.30,95%CI:-8.45~-0.15,P<0.05)、高强度AT(WMD=-3.38,95%CI:-6.68~-0.08,P<0.05)、RT(WMD=-2.81,95%CI:-5.56~-0.06,P<0.05)对降低患者AST具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图9)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:低强度AT(SUCRA=73.5)、高强度AT(SUCRA=62.3)、Pilates(SUCRA=60.7)、HIIT(SUCRA=58.7)、AT+RT(SUCRA=56.5)、RT(SUCRA=54.3)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=47.7)、AT+WBV(SUCRA=25.2)、CON(SUCRA=11.1)(图5)。

(3) GGT:纳入22项研究,样本量1 447例。结果显示,与CON相比,各干预形式对降低患者GGT均不具统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图10)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:低强度AT(SUCRA=82.3)、RT(SUCRA=69.8)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=63.5)、HIIT(SUCRA=63.5)、CON(SUCRA=41.9)、高强度AT(SUCRA=28.5)、AT+RT(SUCRA=28)、AT+WBV(SUCRA=22.6)(图5)。

2.4.5 HOMA-IR

纳入24项研究,样本量824例。结果显示,与CON组相比,中等强度AT(WMD=-0.92,95%CI:-1.51~-0.33,P<0.05)对降低患者HOMA-IR具有统计学意义,其余干预形式不具有统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。不同运动干预措施两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图11)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:AT+WBV(SUCRA=90)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=69.4)、WBV(SUCRA=67.8)、AT+RT(SUCRA=57.5)、HIIT(SUCRA=48.9)、RT(SUCRA=46.2)、低强度AT(SUCRA=46)、RT+HIIT(SUCRA=42)、高强度AT(SUCRA=16.7)、CON(SUCRA=15.4)(图5)。

2.4.6 HbA1c

纳入20项研究,样本量714例。结果显示,与CON相比,各干预形式对降低患者HbA1c均不具统计学意义(P值均>0.05);不同运动干预措施两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(图12)。SUCRA由大到小依次为:低强度AT(SUCRA=78.8)、HIIT(SUCRA=54.3)、高强度AT(SUCRA=54.3)、中等强度AT(SUCRA=54.1)、AT+RT(SUCRA=53.8)、RT(SUCRA=46.1)、AT+WBV(SUCRA=43.1)、CON(SUCRA=15.6)(图5)。

2.5 发表偏倚

对各指标进行漏斗图绘制,结果显示,各指标的漏斗图基本呈顶端中心对称,提示未发现明显的发表偏倚,有部分指标出现底部不对称,表明可能存在小样本效应,总体质量尚可(图13)。

2.6 不良反应

3篇文献244658(5%)报道了不良反应。在高强度AT中,8例患者出现了心律失常,2例患者出现了胸闷;RT中,有3例患者因膝痛、肩部疼痛及背痛而退出;AT+RT中,有2例患者因膝关节及背部问题而退出。

3 讨论

本文系统评价了8类(10种)运动模式对MAFLD患者多项代谢指标[BMI、血脂指标(TG、TC)、肝脏酶指标(ALT、AST、GGT)、HOMA-IR及HbA1c]的影响。SUCRA排序显示,在降低MAFLD患者BMI及TG方面,AT+RT可能为最佳干预措施;在降低患者TC与HOMA-IR指标上,AT+WBV可能为最佳干预措施;在改善患者ALT指标上,RT可能为最佳干预措施;在改善患者AST、GGT、HbA1c方面,低强度AT可能为最佳干预措施。但需注意的是,GGT、HbA1c指标各干预措施间比较联赛表显示不具统计学意义,且SUCRA值虽然显示AT+WBV对降低患者TC、HOMA-IR效果最好,但联赛表却不具统计学意义,说明其临床效果可能有限,未来需大样本RCT研究对该结果进行验证,现有文献提供了各式各样的证据基础,需谨慎对待不同的研究设计和元分析结果。

MAFLD发病率与肥胖呈正相关性,减重是其防治的重要手段70。Huang等71一项网状Meta分析认为,AT是改善MAFLD患者BMI的最佳干预措施,但该研究所纳入的干预措施仅有4种,并未比较包括AT+RT等其他干预手段,且纳入文献较少(纳入28篇)。相比之下,针对MAFLD患者BMI,本文纳入了更多的干预措施且结果更稳定,根据联赛表及SUCRA值,本研究认为AT+RT更能有效降低患者的BMI。

MAFLD患者常合并血脂异常等代谢综合征表现,其体内TG、TC水平往往高于正常值72-73,而适度运动已被证实对部分高血脂患者具有降压降脂作用74。本研究进一步证实该结论,并发现AT+RT在降低TG水平上效果最为显著,与Xue等75研究结果一致。此外,尽管SUCRA排序提示AT+WBV为改善患者TC的最佳干预措施,但其联赛表结果却不具统计学效应,其临床意义可能有限。综合来看,本文更推荐将RT作为改善TC的最佳干预措施。相关研究亦支持这一判断:Zelber-Sagi等58的RCT研究对64例原发性NAFLD患者进行持续3个月、每周3次的RT干预,结果显示,RT可以显著降低患者TC和ALT水平,但TG、HbA1c等指标改善没有统计学意义。Jafarikhah等45研究同样证明,RT对NAFLD患者的TG、TC改善具有统计学意义,但该研究样本量较少(仅有8例),可能对最终结果产生差异。目前对运动改善血脂异常的具体机制尚未达成共识,但现有研究提示其可能涉及以下几个方面。(1)增强代谢酶活性:通过增强脂蛋白脂肪酶及肝脂酶的活性,促进脂质水解与能量代谢。其中脂蛋白脂肪酶主要负责催化血浆中TG的水解,将其分解为游离脂肪酸和甘油,这一过程不仅降低了血液中的TG水平,还为肌肉提供了游离脂肪酸作为能量来源,进一步促进脂肪的氧化分解。肝酯酶则参与胆固醇酯的水解,将其分解为游离胆固醇和脂肪酸。游离胆固醇在被转化为胆汁酸后,通过胆汁排出体外76-77。(2)激活肝脏X受体:当其被激活时,能够促进胆固醇从细胞内转运到细胞外,形成胆固醇外流,以减少细胞内胆固醇的积累78。(3)调节免疫系统:血脂异常与免疫系统之间存在双向相互作用,即异常的血脂水平会加剧炎症反应,而持续的炎症状态又会进一步促进血脂代谢紊乱,二者形成恶性循环,导致炎症和血脂异常相互恶化。运动具有显著的抗炎效应,可通过改善T细胞老化、巨噬细胞极化,减少系统性炎症,进而达到调节血脂的作用79。在运动干预方式中,AT+RT对TG水平的改善效果优于单纯AT,这可能与RT能促进脂肪分解、增强血液循环等方式来调节脂代谢有关80-81。需要强调的是,尽管SUCRA结果显示,AT+WBV为改善患者TC与HOMA-IR的最佳干预措施,但其95%CI却包含无效线,提示该结果的稳定性有待进一步验证。在Çevik Saldiran等59开展的RCT研究中,16例NAFLD患者经过8周AT+WBV干预后,TC水平仅下降了(4.73±24.13)mg/dL,且干预前后的组内比较与组间比较均不具有统计学意义。因此,综合联赛表分析及SUCRA值考量,本文认为,RT可能为改善患者TC水平的最佳干预措施,而中等强度AT更可能为改善患者HOMA-IR的最佳干预措施,这两种运动形式不仅SUCRA靠前,且在混合比较中均显示出具有统计学意义的干预效果。

ALT、AST主要用于评估肝细胞损伤,二者的比值(ALT/AST)被认为是晚期肝纤维化的独立预测因素82,而GGT水平则与代谢异常息息相关83。不同运动形式对肝脏酶改善的机制存在差异:AT通过增加肌肉细胞氧化能力,促进游离脂肪酸的高效氧化供能,减少其向肝脏转运与堆积;同时,AT可上调胰岛素受体底物表达,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白4转位至细胞膜,促进肌肉细胞对葡萄糖的摄取利用,从而降低血糖并改善胰岛素敏感性,减轻肝脏代谢负担2529。RT的潜在机制虽尚未完全阐明,推测可能通过增加能量消耗、改善脂质水平、提升脂肪氧化率及改善胰岛素敏感性等途径改善肝细胞功能11。多项研究认为,RT对MAFLD患者的病理程度改善效果与AT相当84-85,本研究结果亦支持该结论。付洋洋等65的RCT研究证实,AT与RT均能有效改善患者血脂水平,建议对心肺功能不佳或无法进行AT的MAFLD患者设计个性化、针对性RT方案以改善病理程度。

本研究显示,运动强度变化未显著影响患者相关指标,且SUCRA值与联赛表均提示,%HRmax<64的低强度AT对MAFLD患者的改善程度更优,高强度AT不仅未展现出额外益处,甚至可能损害身心健康,这与Zhang等32、Keating等86的研究结果类似。因此,本研究建议在推荐患者进行AT时,应当优先推荐其进行低、中强度AT,避免高强度AT。同时,高强度AT、AT+RT、RT组均报告了不良反应,提示需在确保安全的前提下进行运动康复治疗。

本研究存在以下局限性:(1)各干预频率与内容形式并不相同,可能导致疗效出现差异。(2)基于MAFLD新范式背景下解读结果,而多数文献仍沿用传统NAFLD框架进行,未系统报告MAFLD诊断所需的所有诊断指标(如腰围、血压等),提示未来研究需适配新标准并规范数据。(3)纳入的57项研究中,有12项(21.1%)来自伊朗,可能存在地区偏倚风险。(4)仅纳入中英文文献,可能带来语言偏倚。(5)大部分研究未说明MAFLD患者的严重程度,而这对于制定完善的体育训练计划和运动干预强度至关重要。在未来研究中,应当规范实验设计严格实施和报告随机化及盲法,减少偏倚风险,并探索不同手段的具体干预效果,以明确最优方案。

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基金资助

吉林省社会科学基金(2019B122)

吉林体育学院研究生科研创新基金项目(YC2024022)

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