代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者肝纤维化标志物、炎症标志物与胆结石患病风险的关联性分析

章帅 ,  靳寿璐 ,  李晚情 ,  史茜菁 ,  梁好 ,  董浩 ,  陆戴龙 ,  朱滢 ,  向晓星 ,  刘军

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3) : 579 -585.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3) : 579 -585. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260312
脂肪性肝病

代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者肝纤维化标志物、炎症标志物与胆结石患病风险的关联性分析

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Association of liver fibrosis markers and inflammation markers with the risk of gallstones in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

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摘要

目的 阐明代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)患者肝纤维化评分、炎症标志物与胆结石之间的关联,探索肝纤维化评分在炎症标志物与胆结石关系中的中介作用。 方法 回顾性纳入2014年1月—2023年6月在苏北人民医院接受体检并确诊MAFLD的患者,根据腹部彩超检查结果分为胆结石组(n=1 724)和非胆结石组(n=12 843)。收集患者临床数据,包括人口统计学信息、相关病史和家族史,以及体格检查、彩色多普勒超声检查和实验室生化指标。与代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗相关的生物标志物包括甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数(TyG)、TyG-体重指数(TyG-BMI)、血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(AIP)及非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(NHHR);与炎症和营养状况相关的生物标志物包括中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、中性粒细胞百分比与白蛋白比值(NPAR)及单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(MLR);评估肝纤维化程度和肝功能的生物标志物包括白蛋白-胆红素(ALBI)评分、非酒精性脂肪性肝病纤维化评分(NFS)、纤维化-4(FIB-4)指数和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数(APRI)。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析、限制性立方样条分析和中介效应分析研究肝纤维化标志物、炎症标志物与胆结石患病风险之间的关联。 结果 MAFLD患者的胆结石患病率为11.8%。胆结石组与非胆结石组在性别、年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病、高血压、淋巴细胞、血小板、葡萄糖、白蛋白、血清尿酸、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、红细胞、NLR、NPAR、MLR、NFS、FIB-4指数和ALBI评分方面均存在显著差异(P值均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,在完全调整后的模型中,NLR[比值比(odds,ratio,OR)=1.091,95%置信区间(95% confidence interval, 95%CI):1.028~1.160]、NPAR(OR=1.073,95%CI:1.042~1.105)、MLR(OR=1.142,95%CI:1.057~1.232)、NFS(OR=1.239,95%CI:1.190~1.291)和FIB-4指数(OR=1.326,95%CI:1.241~1.417)是胆结石患病风险的独立影响因素(P值均<0.05)。限制性立方样条分析显示,NFS和FIB-4指数与胆结石发生风险之间存在显著的非线性关联(非线性P值均<0.05)。中介分析进一步表明,NLR、MLR和NPAR与胆结石的关联部分可通过NFS或FIB-4指数介导,NFS和FIB-4指数的中介占比分别为36.79%、28.09%、29.67%和18.31%、17.70%、11.57%。 结论 MAFLD患者中,NFS和FIB-4指数与胆结石的患病率呈非线性关联,且介导炎症标志物NLR、NPAR和MLR与胆结石风险之间的关联。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the association of liver fibrosis scores and inflammation markers with gallstones in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), as well as the mediating role of liver fibrosis scores in the relationship between inflammation markers and gallstones. Methods A total of 14 567 patients who received physical examination and were diagnosed with MAFLD in Subei People’s Hospital from January 2014 to June 2023 were enrolled in this study, and according to the results of abdominal color Doppler ultrasound, they were divided into gallstone group with 1 724 patients and non-gallstone group with 12 843 patients. Related clinical data were collected from all patients, including demographic data, medical history, family history, physical examination, Color Doppler ultrasound, and biochemical parameters. The biomarkers associated with metabolic disorders and insulin resistance included triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), TyG-body mass index (BMI) index, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR); the biomarkers associated with inflammation and nutritional status included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR); the biomarkers for assessing liver fibrosis degree and liver function included albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score, NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis, restricted cubic spline analysis, and mediating effect analysis were used to assess the association of liver fibrosis markers and inflammation markers with the risk of gallstones. Results The prevalence rate of gallstones was 11.8% among the MAFLD patients. There were significant differences between the gallstone group and the non-gallstone group in sex, age, smoking history, diabetes, hypertension, lymphocytes, platelets, glucose, albumin, serum uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, red blood cell, NLR, NPAR, MLR, NFS, FIB-4 index, and ALBI score (all P<0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that NLR (odds ratio [OR]=1.091, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.028 — 1.160, P<0.05), NPAR (OR=1.073, 95%CI: 1.042 — 1.105, P<0.05), MLR (OR=1.142, 95%CI: 1.057 — 1.232, P<0.05), NFS (OR=1.239, 95%CI: 1.190 — 1.291, P<0.05), and FIB-4 index (OR=1.326, 95%CI: 1.241 — 1.417, P<0.05) were influencing factors for the prevalence rate of gallstones. The restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant non-linear association between NFS/FIB-4 index and the risk of gallstone (non-linear P<0.05). The mediating effect analysis further showed that the association of NLR, MLR, and NPAR with gallstones was partially mediated by NFS or FIB-4 index, with a mediating effect accounting for 36.79%、28.09%、29.67% and 18.31%、17.70、11.57%, respectively. Conclusion NFS and FIB-4 index have a non-linear association with the prevalence rate of gallstones in MAFLD patients, and they also mediate the association of NLR, NPAR, and MLR with the risk of gallstone.

Graphical abstract

关键词

代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / 生物标记 / 胆石

Key words

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Biomarkers / Gallstones

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章帅,靳寿璐,李晚情,史茜菁,梁好,董浩,陆戴龙,朱滢,向晓星,刘军. 代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者肝纤维化标志物、炎症标志物与胆结石患病风险的关联性分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(3): 579-585 DOI:10.12449/JCH260312

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2023年,德尔菲共识采用代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)取代了非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD),标志着肝脏疾病命名法的重大转变1。这一新术语强调了全身代谢功能障碍在肝脏疾病中的关键作用。肝脂肪变性会导致肝细胞损伤和炎症,激活免疫细胞,进而刺激肝星状细胞,最终促进肝纤维化的进展2。MAFLD患者往往伴有更高水平的炎症标志物及营养代谢指标,且与肝纤维化程度密切相关3-5
胆结石临床常表现为呕吐、恶心和厌食等症状,且其与肝癌和胰腺癌的风险升高显著相关6。多项观察性研究表明,血糖、胆固醇水平和炎症指标与胆结石发生呈正相关7-8,且胆结石在MAFLD患者中通常具有较高的患病率9。此外,美国的一项回顾性研究显示,与胆结石疾病相关死亡的危险因素包括糖尿病前期或糖尿病、肝脏硬度和质子泵抑制剂等10。作为MAFLD的两个不良结果,肝纤维化与胆结石之间的相关性值得进一步探讨。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性纳入2014年1月1日—2023年6月30日在苏北人民医院健康体检中心被诊断为MAFLD且年龄≥18岁的患者。MAFLD定义为超声检查诊断存在肝脂肪变性以及合并≥1项心脏代谢风险因素,如超重或血糖、血压、血脂水平或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)异常,排除肝脂肪变性的继发性原因11。肝脂肪变性和胆石症的诊断均基于腹部超声检查结果。排除标准:(1)超声检查中胆囊显影不清晰;(2)孕妇;(3)有肿瘤病史;(4)患有病毒性、药物性、自身免疫性或其他慢性肝病;(5)过度饮酒(定义为女性每周乙醇摄入>70 g,男性每周乙醇摄入>140 g)。通过腹部彩超检查分为胆结石组和非胆结石组。

1.2 资料收集

通过电子病历系统收集受检者的基本临床数据,包括人口统计学信息、相关病史和家族史。体检内容包括体格检查、彩色多普勒超声检查以及实验室生化指标。甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数(triglyceride-glucose index,TyG)、TyG-体重指数(TyG-body mass index,TyG-BMI)、血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index of plasma,AIP)和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL-C ratio,NHHR)是与代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗相关的生物标志物12;中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、中性粒细胞百分比与白蛋白比值(neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio,NPAR)和单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio,MLR)是与炎症和营养状况相关的生物标志物13;白蛋白-胆红素(albumin-bilirubin,ALBI)评分、NAFLD纤维化评分(NAFLD fibrosis score,NFS)、纤维化-4(fibrosis-4,FIB-4)指数和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index,APRI)是用于评估肝纤维化程度和肝功能的生物标志物14-16

1.3 统计学方法

本研究使用R 4.4.1软件进行绘图与数据分析。符合正态分布的计量数据以x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用成组t检验;不符合正态分布的计量数据以MP25P75)表示,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。为探讨特征变量与MAFLD患者发生胆结石之间的关联,本研究采用3种模型进行多因素Logistic回归分析。模型1:未调整任何混杂因素;模型2:以年龄、性别、BMI和吸烟史作为混杂变量进行调整;模型3:在模型2的基础上,进一步调整高血压、糖尿病、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、红细胞(red blood cell,RBC)、白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、HDL-C、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBil)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、葡萄糖(glucose,Glu)和血清尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)。使用限制性立方样条图可视化特征变量与胆结石之间的剂量反应关系。为探究肝纤维化指标是否在炎症指标与胆结石之间的关联中发挥中介作用,本研究进行了中介效应分析,将总效应分解为2个部分:平均直接效应,代表直接影响;平均因果中介效应,阐明通过这些指标的间接途径。中介占比定义为平均因果中介效应/总效应,并通过1 000次重复抽样的Bootstrap方法来评估其显著性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

共纳入14 567例MAFLD患者,其中1 724例被诊断为胆结石(11.8%)。胆结石组与非胆结石组性别、年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病、高血压、淋巴细胞、血小板、Glu、白蛋白、SUA、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、RBC、NLR、NPAR、MLR、NFS、FIB-4指数和ALBI比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表1)。

2.2 MAFLD患者中与胆结石相关变量的多因素分析

在完全调整后的模型(模型3)中,NFS、FIB-4指数、NLR、MLR和NPAR为影响胆结石患病的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。在调整了与模型3相同的混杂变量后,限制性立方样条图显示,NFS(图1a)和FIB-4指数(图1b)与胆结石均呈先上升后趋于平坦的非线性关联(P值均<0.05)。

2.3 中介效应分析

中介效应分析结果显示,NFS和FIB-4指数在炎症指标与胆结石的关联中均发挥部分中介作用(P值均<0.001)。具体而言,对于NPAR、NLR和MLR,NFS的中介效应占比分别为28.09%、29.67%和36.79%,而FIB-4指数的中介效应占比分别为11.57%、17.70%和18.31%(表3)。

3 讨论

肝硬化患者的胆结石发病率是其他患者的2倍17。在肝硬化患者中,胆固醇和磷脂的分泌减少,导致胆汁中胆红素和胆固醇的溶解度降低,胆固醇过饱和,破坏胆汁稳定性,最终促进结石形成18。同时,肝硬化患者还可能出现自主神经病变,导致Oddi括约肌功能障碍和胆囊排空受损,从而加重胆汁淤积19。鉴于MAFLD通常被视为肝硬化的主要病因20-21,在MAFLD患者中使用肝纤维化指标评估胆结石的患病风险具有重要临床价值。

近年来,炎症与胆结石之间的关联是研究热点。多项临床研究表明,来自全血细胞计数的炎症标志物(如NPAR、NLR和MLR),与成年人群中胆结石的形成显著相关22-23。炎症期间产生的细胞因子,如白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子α,会干扰协调胆囊收缩和胆汁释放的神经肌肉信号传导,从而加剧胆汁淤积24-25。此外,氧化应激诱导产生的活性氧可以直接与胆汁中的脂质和胆固醇发生反应,形成氧化胆固醇衍生物。此类氧化产物在胆汁中的溶解度较差,更易促进胆固醇晶体的形成和聚集26

MAFLD患者中的代谢紊乱和炎症反应通常被认为与胆结石的患病率增加有关27。因此,本研究纳入TyG、TyG-BMI、AIP和NHHR等与代谢相关的指标进行分析,发现其与MAFLD患者中的胆结石疾病并无显著关联,不能用于预测胆结石患病的风险。既往几项横断面研究也显示828-29,TyG仅与非糖尿病个体中的胆结石相关,与糖尿病患者无显著关联。这可能是因为在MAFLD患者中,甘油三酯、LDL-C和HDL-C等血脂指标已经处于高水平,在患胆结石和未患胆结石的个体之间无显著差异。

本研究结果显示肝纤维化可以介导炎症标志物与胆结石之间的关联,其中NFS的作用尤为突出。在MAFLD患者中,脂蛋白代谢失调可以激活循环免疫细胞,引发肝脏炎症级联反应,加重肝纤维化30。同时,氧化应激在肝纤维化中也发挥重要作用。肝细胞脂肪堆积导致线粒体功能障碍和活性氧产生增加,而MAFLD患者的体内抗氧化酶活性降低,进而促进肝纤维化31。此外,炎症细胞因子可以招募免疫细胞浸润肝脏,释放更多的炎症介质和活性氧,从而加重肝脏炎症和纤维化32

本研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,横断面研究无法探索因果关系。其次,缺乏长期用药史、饮食和运动、职业和收入水平的数据。最后,单次健康体检的数据仅能检测白蛋白、淋巴细胞、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和血小板在单个时间点的水平,这些血液指标会随着时间的推移而变化,因此无法确定其与胆结石动力学之间的关系。

伦理学声明

本研究于2024年2月6日经由扬州大学附属苏北人民医院伦理审查委员会审批通过,批号:2024ky024。

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基金资助

江苏省基础研究计划(自然科学基金)青年基金项目(BK20240498)

国家自然科学基金青年项目(82400623)

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