门静脉血栓的诊断和治疗

何雨芩 ,  文良志

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4) : 748 -754.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4) : 748 -754. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260402
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门静脉血栓的诊断和治疗

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Diagnosis and treatment of portal vein thrombosis

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摘要

门静脉血栓(PVT)累及门静脉主干及其属支,急性期可导致肠道缺血坏死,慢性期可引发门静脉海绵样变及门静脉高压相关并发症(如腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血等)。肝硬化是PVT的首要危险因素。PVT的分型为临床诊断提供了依据,超声为首选筛查手段,增强计算机体层成像是诊断的金标准,磁共振成像/磁共振静脉成像则有助于鉴别血栓的急慢性状态。治疗强调个体化策略:抗凝治疗为急性PVT的一线选择,直接口服抗凝剂展现出良好应用潜力;溶栓治疗适用于急性重症患者,需严格控制出血风险;经颈静脉肝内门体分流术是诊治PVT相关腹水及食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的重要方式;外科手术则用于药物治疗无效或出现肠坏死等严重并发症的治疗。未来PVT的诊疗应基于多学科协作,并聚焦于个体化方案的优化,在疗效与安全性之间寻求平衡,并依托技术进步持续提升临床实践水平。

Abstract

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) involves the main portal vein and its tributaries, and acute PVT can cause intestinal ischemia and necrosis, while chronic PVT can cause cavernous transformation of the portal vein and portal hypertension-related complications (such as ascites and gastroesophageal variceal bleeding). Liver cirrhosis is the main risk factor for PVT. the Classification of PVT provides a basis for clinical diagnosis. Ultrasound is the preferred method for screening, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the gold standard for diagnosis, while magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography can help to identify acute or chronic thrombosis. Treatment emphasizes individualized strategies: anticoagulant therapy is the first-line therapy for acute PVT, and direct oral anticoagulants have shown great potential in clinical practice; thrombolytic therapy is appropriate for severe acute PVT, and it is needed to strictly control the risk of bleeding; transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is an important method for the diagnosis and treatment of PVT-related ascites and gastroesophageal variceal bleeding; surgical operation can be used for the treatment of patients with no response to pharmacotherapy or those with serious complications such as intestinal necrosis. Future diagnosis and treatment of PVT should be based on multidisciplinary collaboration, focusing on the optimization of individualized regimens, balancing efficacy and safety, and continuously leveraging technological advances to improve clinical practice.

关键词

门静脉血栓 / 诊断 / 治疗学

Key words

Portal Vein Thrombosis / Diagnosis / Therapeutics

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何雨芩,文良志. 门静脉血栓的诊断和治疗[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(4): 748-754 DOI:10.12449/JCH260402

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门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)是指门静脉主干和/或左右肝内门静脉分支内形成的血栓,可能伴随或不伴随肠系膜静脉及脾静脉受累。急性PVT可引发肠系膜淤血或缺血,甚至导致肠道坏死等不良事件的发生;慢性PVT则可能造成门静脉闭塞或门静脉海绵样变,进而加重门静脉高压等一系列并发症。PVT是内脏静脉血栓形成中最常见的类型,约占内脏静脉血栓的90%1-2。其发病率在肝硬化患者中呈上升趋势,既可表现为无症状的部分阻塞,又可因完全阻塞出现腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血及肠坏死等严重临床并发症。PVT的诊断与治疗是一个复杂且具有挑战性的临床问题,需要通过多学科协作以解决临床实际问题3

1 PVT的病因诊断

PVT的病因呈多因素性,大体可分为肝硬化PVT与非肝硬化PVT两类。

1.1 肝硬化PVT

肝硬化是PVT最常见的危险因素,50%以上的PVT病例与肝硬化相关1。肝硬化患者中PVT的患病率为5%~20%4,年发病率为3%~17%5。肝硬化PVT患病率与肝脏病变的严重程度呈正相关,代偿期肝硬化患者的PVT患病率为10%,失代偿期患者升至17%,而在肝移植候选人群中,这一比例可达26%6-7。肝硬化合并PVT的具体发生机制尚未完全阐明。经典的Virchow静脉血栓形成三要素——血流淤滞、血液高凝状态以及血管内皮损伤,同样适用于阐释肝硬化背景下PVT的发生机制6。从血流动力学角度来看,肝硬化引发的肝内结构破坏会造成门静脉高压、血流减慢,而PVT形成又会加剧血流淤滞,二者形成恶性循环。有研究提出,超声提示门静脉流速<15 cm/s、内径>13 mm,均为PVT发生的高危因素7。此外,肝硬化长期存在的高凝状态、肝脏合成功能受损导致促凝-抗凝蛋白失衡及肠道淤血及肠黏膜屏障破坏引发的细菌易位、局部炎症,均可能进一步促进门静脉局部高凝状态形成8。PVT的起病通常隐匿,多在常规影像学检查时偶然确诊,临床上需与肿瘤性血栓进行鉴别诊断。

1.2 非肝硬化PVT

非肝硬化PVT是指在无肝硬化背景情况下,因血液高凝状态、局部血管损伤或腹腔感染等因素导致的门静脉系统血栓形成,具体分类见表1。其中,脾切除术是肝硬化失代偿期脾功能亢进常见的外科治疗方式,PVT是其常见的术后并发症。前瞻性队列研究显示,脾切术后PVT的发生率为1.6%~24.4%714-16。其可能的机制包括:(1)手术导致血管局部内皮损伤,触发凝血因子释放;(2)门静脉高压导致血流速度减缓;(3)脾切术后高凝与低凝状态之间的平衡被打破等等,上述因素促进PVT的形成。近期研究报道,术后3个月的预防性抗血栓治疗(利伐沙班+抗血小板药物)可显著降低PVT的发生率,而将预防性抗血栓治疗延长至6个月则无法降低PVT的发生率。此外,脾切除术后形成的慢性血栓在临床治疗中难度更大,例如在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)中穿刺定位更为困难,且穿刺成功后溶栓效果不佳。

2 PVT的影像学诊断

PVT患者的症状表现各异,从无症状到剧烈腹痛、肠系膜血液淤积或缺血、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、感染性休克等均可发生17。因此,及时、正确的诊断对于临床治疗非常重要。临床上,PVT分型的方法较多,不同分型有各自的目的及适用性,目前主流分型见表2

在实际临床中,若一时难以判断血栓形成的时间及急、慢性阶段,需与患者的既往影像资料进行对比。PVT的无创诊断方法包括多普勒超声、增强计算机体层成像(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)/磁共振静脉成像(magnetic resonance venography,MRV)等,有创诊断方法包括直接或间接门静脉造影等方法21-22,见表3

2.1 超声检查

超声检查因其简便、无创、耗时短、费用低,常作为肝硬化合并PVT患者的首选的初步影像学检查方法,超声图像可表现为门静脉内血流中断或异位、门静脉系统扩张等。此外,彩色多普勒超声可较准确地测定门静脉管腔直径、PVT形态,并实时测量血流速度,进而判断门静脉管腔是否闭塞、有无门静脉侧支循环形成等情况,还可用于复查TIPS术后支架内血流情况。尽管超声检查PVT的诊断灵敏度达89%~93%,特异度达92%~99%,但其应用亦存在一定限制因素23,包括患者自身因素,如肥胖、腹腔积液、肠道气体等客观情况,也包括超声医师的操作熟练程度和诊断水平等主观因素。

2.2 CT

增强CT为诊断PVT的重要手段,是目前门静脉病变诊断的“金标准”。CT可清晰、直观地显示门静脉系统的解剖关系,明确血栓的大小、部位、受累范围和形态特征,同时可评估肝脏整体情况。CT检查还可对腹腔内其他器官进行综合评价,如是否存在肠道淤血、缺血、坏死,以及有无脾肾分流、异位静脉曲张等22-24。随着影像诊断技术的不断进步,CT门静脉期血管重建或三维成像能够更清晰地显示PVT累及范围、血栓形态以及有无自发分流道等重要信息,其临床价值日益凸显。

此外,CT还可用于排除Abernethy畸形等门静脉先天性异常。相关报道指出,由经验丰富的放射科医生进行影像判读时,诊断PVT的准确率可达88%~98%,灵敏度和特异度也在80%~100%25。需注意的是,非肝硬化患者PVT的影像学表现常为门静脉主干完全阻塞或双侧分支完全阻塞,此类表现约占所有病例的80%以上26。而由肝硬化引起的PVT则多为无症状的部分性非闭塞性血栓,占约70%7

2.3 MRI/MRV

MRI/MRV在诊断PVT方面具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,适用于评估血栓的急慢性分期27。有研究通过对比30例PVT患者的MRI[T1、T2和T2加权成像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)]及增强CT的影像学特征,发现T2WI能够有效直接显示PVT28。随着影像学技术的发展,MRV可无创地实现门静脉系统的三维成像,清晰显示血栓累及部位,包括门静脉主干、肝内左右分支、肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉等,可精准对应PVT的Ⅰ~Ⅴ型分型标准,为病情严重程度评估提供直观依据。此外,普美显对肝癌的诊断灵敏度和特异度极高,可更好地排查肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的情况322。弥散加权成像通过测量水分子的扩散运动反映组织微观结构和细胞密度,恶性肿瘤组织因细胞密度高、细胞外间隙小,水分子扩散受限而表现为高信号,而良性血栓则通常表现为低信号或无扩散受限。与CT相比,MRI不产生电离辐射,更适合需要多次复查的患者(如长期抗凝治疗的慢性PVT患者)以及孕妇、儿童等特殊人群的检查29

2.4 直接门静脉造影

门静脉造影(无论是直接法还是间接法)在PVT评估中具有重要价值。直接门静脉造影通过向门静脉系统插管注射造影剂完成,可清晰显示PVT的形态、位置及范围,对评估血栓情况与门静脉血流影响具有较高诊断价值。临床常用方法包括:(1)经皮经肝门静脉穿刺造影:能直接进入门静脉,成像质量高,但侵入性较强,风险相对较高;(2)术中门静脉造影:多用于肝移植手术,可实时评估门静脉通畅性、狭窄、血栓及门体侧支循环,同时可测量门静脉压力梯度,为术中决策提供依据,对移植预后评估具有重要价值30;(3)CO2楔入式造影:在肝静脉置管术中开展,以CO2作为造影剂,较碘化造影剂更易清晰显示门静脉结构,安全有效,尤其适用于TIPS术中的门静脉解剖定位,其成像效果与直接经颈静脉门静脉造影、间接动脉门静脉造影相当,部分场景更具优势31-32;(4)球囊封堵肝静脉造影:应用于TIPS手术,采用碘化造影剂,门静脉定位安全有效,且有助于缩短手术时长33

2.5 间接门静脉造影

间接门静脉造影不同于直接向门静脉系统注射造影剂,而是通过其他动脉途径(如肠系膜上动脉造影)注射造影剂,利用造影剂经动脉、毛细血管、然后进入门静脉的流程,间接显示门静脉系统血流情况。这种方法通常侵入性较低,但图像质量有时不如直接造影清晰。临床应用相对较多的方式为经肠系膜上动脉或脾动脉注射造影剂,在门静脉期对门静脉系统进行显影。

3 PVT的治疗

PVT的治疗目标是防止血栓扩大、再通门静脉、预防肠道缺血和门静脉高压并发症,并改善患者预后。在制定治疗策略时,首先需鉴别急性和慢性PVT,其次应综合考虑血栓范围、患者是否存在肝硬化或恶性肿瘤,以及是否出现并发症等因素3

3.1 抗凝治疗

急性PVT通常难以自发性再通,因此在排除活动性出血后应尽早启动抗凝治疗,低分子肝素抗凝后转为口服抗凝药是首选的一线治疗方法。直接口服抗凝药在肝硬化PVT患者中的应用尤为关键,但其疗效和安全性仍需进一步研究15。对于PVT的抗凝治疗,病情稳定者需在抗凝治疗后6、12个月进行评估,密切监测直至门静脉再通34-36;高危患者需每4~6周评估1次,便于调整用药及治疗决策;病情进展者如出现静脉曲张破裂出血、腹水加重等失代偿事件,应立即评估是否需要紧急行TIPS手术或溶栓治疗等。在肝硬化患者中,抗凝治疗有助于促进门静脉再通,并可能降低肝脏失代偿和死亡风险。传统抗凝药和直接口服抗凝药在内的各类药物在PVT中的应用均显示出一定再通潜力,但整体证据等级有限,临床实践中需个体化权衡血栓进展与出血风险(表4)。

Baveno Ⅶ共识39提出的PVT分型标准将其演变分为4类:完全再通(血栓消失、血流恢复)、改善(血栓范围显著缩小或由闭塞转为非闭塞)、稳定(血栓无明显变化)及进展(血栓范围扩大或出现新发血栓)。该分型为疗效评估与临床决策提供了标准化依据,基于该分型可实施从常规随访、密切监测到紧急干预的差异化、个体化管理。若临床上抗凝治疗不佳,则需及早转为手术及溶栓治疗。

3.2 介入及手术治疗

对于慢性PVT且药物治疗无效、血栓负荷较重或出现严重并发症的患者,介入治疗是重要的选择1723。目前推荐的方法包括:(1)机械性血栓清除术:通过导管直接行机械性血栓清除;(2)球囊血管成形术:扩张狭窄或阻塞的门静脉;(3)支架置入术:在门静脉狭窄或阻塞处放置支架,以维持血管通畅;(4)TIPS:对于门静脉高压并发症(如腹水或食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血)且内科治疗无效的患者,TIPS可有效降低门静脉压力,促进血栓再通。因手术复杂度和风险较高,既往PVT被认为是TIPS手术的禁忌证,但随着TIPS技术和认识的发展,PVT现更多地被视为TIPS手术的适应证。在肝移植候选者中,TIPS是实现闭塞性PVT患者门静脉再通的一种选择,也是部分PVT患者抗凝治疗的替代方案。其目的是重建门静脉主干,恢复门静脉血流量,以便在移植手术中进行端端吻合。此外,临床上还可采用介入联合溶栓治疗,常用溶栓药物包括一代溶栓药物(尿激酶、链激酶)、二代溶栓药物(阿替普酶)等。联合治疗可使溶栓药物直接作用于血栓,实现局部浓度高、全身用量小、安全性更高等目标40-41。一项研究报道了20例急性或亚急性PVT患者经导管溶栓治疗的成功经验,其中4例为脾切除术后PVT42。溶栓治疗期间,需密切动态监测血浆D-二聚体水平和凝血功能,以避免出血并发症;溶栓治疗3~5 d后评估血管通畅情况,最长溶栓治疗时间≤2周。溶栓治疗后,可根据门静脉再通情况和患者整体情况,判断是否需要继续口服抗凝药物及其疗程(表5)。

4 展望

PVT的形成显著增加门静脉高压并发症的发生风险。目前,抗凝治疗是首选方案,介入放射技术在门静脉再通中的应用也日益广泛。然而,现有研究结果之间存在较大差异,使得PVT标准化的临床管理难以统一。未来临床试验中,可借助先进的影像技术,对梗阻程度进行量化分析,以更精准地评估梗阻程度及治疗反应,并综合评估血栓演变过程及相关临床事件,如何精准地平衡抗凝、溶栓或介入外科等的风险与获益,从而优化个体化治疗方案,已成为今后研究的侧重点。随着影像学新技术的涌现与介入治疗手段的完善,有望为PVT患者提供更为安全、有效的治疗路径。

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