慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价体系的构建与思考

何丽云 ,  赵孝良 ,  雒琳

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5) : 998 -1003.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5) : 998 -1003. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260502
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慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价体系的构建与思考

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Construction of a clinical efficacy evaluation system for traditional Chinese medicine treatment of chronic hepatitis B and related reflections

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摘要

中医药在我国慢性乙型肝炎的临床实践中应用广泛,在改善症状、调节机体状态及辅助干预疾病进展等方面具有一定优势。但是,慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价尚存在评价体系不完整,评价指标选择不一致,证候与症状评价的客观化和标准化程度有限,制约了中医药疗效证据的系统积累及其在临床指南和专家共识中的应用。本文系统梳理慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价的研究现状,分析了国家科技计划“十一五”至“十三五”期间,我国重大传染病专项的中医、中西医结合治疗慢性肝病领域取得的成就,以及目前仍然需要解决的评价体系相关问题,从评价目标、指标构成和应用场景等方面提出构建中医临床疗效评价体系的思路与具体内容,以期为相关标准制定、临床研究及中西医结合诊疗规范提供参考。

Abstract

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in the clinical management of chronic hepatitis B in China and has exhibited certain advantages in alleviating symptoms, regulating overall physiological status, and assisting in the intervention against disease progression. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive clinical efficacy evaluation system for TCM treatment of chronic hepatitis B, with inconsistencies in the selection of evaluation indicators and limited objectivity and standardization in the assessment of syndromes and symptoms, which have limited the systematic accumulation of evidence regarding TCM efficacy and the incorporation of TCM into clinical guidelines and expert consensus statements. This article systematically reviews the current status of research on the clinical efficacy evaluation of TCM for chronic hepatitis B and analyzes the achievements made in the field of TCM therapy and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy for chronic liver diseases in China’s national major infectious disease research programs during the periods of the Eleventh to Thirteenth Five-Year Plans. It also points out related issues that remain to be addressed and proposes a conceptual framework and specific components for constructing a TCM clinical efficacy evaluation system from the perspectives of evaluation objectives, indicator composition, and application scenarios, in order to provide a reference for the development of related standards, clinical research, and the standardization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine diagnosis and treatment.

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关键词

乙型肝炎, 慢性 / 中医药疗法 / 治疗结果

Key words

Hepatitis B, Chronic / Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy / Treatment Outcome

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
何丽云,赵孝良,雒琳. 慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价体系的构建与思考[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(5): 998-1003 DOI:10.12449/JCH260502

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1 中医药参与慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)治疗并逐步进入指南

CHB的诊疗体系以持续抑制病毒复制、延缓疾病进展及预防严重并发症为核心。国际上,世界卫生组织及欧美肝病学会发布的CHB诊疗指南,主要依据乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)DNA 水平、丙氨酸氨基转移酶异常程度、肝纤维化或肝硬化分期及并发症风险进行分层管理,推荐核苷(酸)类似物和干扰素作为一线治疗手段1-3。 目前,中医药尚未被国际指南纳入标准推荐体系。在我国,基于CHB患者基数大、疾病进展异质性强及长期管理需求突出的特点,逐步形成了以西医抗病毒治疗为主、中医药协同干预为特色的中西医结合诊疗模式。《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》4和《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》5首次在抗纤维化治疗章节中,将部分具有循证证据的中成药以“可考虑”形式纳入推荐,标志着中医药干预开始进入国家级CHB诊疗指南体系。此后,相关中医及中西医结合肝病指南进一步结合中医证候分型,形成“病程分期-证候分层”的诊疗思路,并对 CHB 不同阶段的中医药干预目标和治疗策略进行了细化6-8。自“十一五”以来,国家传染病科技重大专项和重点研发计划持续支持CHB及其相关疾病的中医药防治研究,涵盖早期干预、活动期治疗、抗纤维化、肝衰竭救治及肝癌防治等多个环节9。现有研究表明,中医药在改善临床症状、提高生活质量及促进部分临床结局改善方面具有一定优势10-12。相关 CHB核心结局指标集研究也为中医药临床疗效评价规范化提供了方法学支撑13表1)。

2 CHB中医临床疗效评价的现状

2.1 中医药防治CHB的作用特征及评价重点

在CHB的长期管理过程中,除抗病毒治疗对病毒学抑制和疾病终点具有明确作用外,症状改善、调节机体状态及延缓疾病进展方面的价值也日益受到关注。研究表明,中医药联合抗病毒治疗可改善乏力、纳差、胁痛等常见症状,并可通过调节机体整体状态与免疫功能,对肝功能波动和慢性炎症活动产生持续影响918。在肝纤维化及早期肝硬化阶段,中药联合核苷(酸)类似物治疗可稳定病毒学应答,改善肝纤维化相关指标及肝硬度值(liver stiffness measurement,LSM),参与影响肝纤维化进展轨迹19-21。在抗病毒及干扰素治疗过程中,还可在一定程度上减轻不良反应、改善生存质量并提高依从性22。因此,中医药参与 CHB 管理的疗效特征具有长期性和多维性,评价重点应兼顾症状、功能状态、疾病进展及生活质量等结局。

2.2 现有中医临床疗效评价指标的主要类型

在中医药治疗 CHB 的临床研究中,疗效评价主要围绕症状改善、客观指标变化及患者报告结局等维度展开。症状改善是应用最为广泛的评价内容,多以乏力、纳差、胁痛、腹胀等CHB常见症状为观察重点,通过症状评分或积分量表比较治疗前后变化1720-21。客观指标方面,丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素等肝功能指标及HBV DNA定量被普遍用于反映疾病活动度及治疗反应23-24。近年来,慢性肝病相关量表和生活质量等指标也逐步用于补充反映中医药干预的长期综合获益25-26

2.3 现有评价体系的临床意义

尽管当前中医药治疗 CHB 的临床疗效评价体系尚不完善,但相关研究已取得一定进展。大量随机对照试验已将症状积分、证候积分、生化与病毒学指标以及肝纤维化相关结局纳入疗效评价,使中医疗效由经验性描述逐步转向量化分析1327-28。部分研究将中医证候评价与肝组织学改善、LSM下降及肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)发生等结局进行关联分析,在一定程度上提升了中医药临床研究的规范性,并推动其进一步融入循证医学研究框架29

3 中医临床疗效评价体系面临的主要问题与挑战

3.1 评价目标有待调整

现有中医药干预 CHB的临床研究,疗效评价多集中于近期症状改善与生化指标变化,对失代偿、HCC 发生及肝病相关死亡等长期结局关注不足30。中医CHB临床试验结局的系统梳理和核心结局集研究发现,现有研究中结局类型繁杂、随访时间点设置不统一,缺乏“近期症状改善-中期肝功能与纤维化控制-远期失代偿与HCC预防 ”的整体设计,导致中医疗效评价在时间维度和结局层级上均存在不足12

3.2 主观指标内涵有待统一

目前,中医药干预CHB的疗效评价尚缺乏统一的指标体系。既往综述显示,即使在同一疾病阶段和相近证型人群中,不同研究采用的症状评分、证候积分及疗效分级标准仍存在较大差异,结局报告方式可比性不足31。同时,证候与证素内涵不统一,部分研究缺乏辨证一致性训练和评价,影响了证候判定的重复性和证据整合价值32。这些问题限制了中医 CHB 疗效评价结果在指南、共识及临床管理中的推广应用。

3.3 对终点结局的评价证据有待丰富

当前CHB疗效评价日益重视肝纤维化进展、肝硬化失代偿、HCC 发生及生存结局等硬终点。现有HBV相关肝硬化和肝癌的中医药研究和队列分析提示,中医药在晚期疾病阶段可能对现代医学终点产生一定影响,例如,在常规抗病毒治疗基础上联合中医药干预,可能降低HBV相关肝硬化患者1、3、5年HCC发生率33;全国人群队列研究也提示,长期接受中医药治疗的HBV感染者,其HCC发生风险及总死亡风险低于未使用者34。但总体而言,相关终点结局证据仍需进一步积累,未来应加强从近期症状到远期肝硬化、HCC及死亡结局的系统化评价设计。

4 CHB中医临床疗效评价体系的构建思路(图1

4.1 评价理念以“中医优势+疾病临床结局”为双核心

从CHB长期管理的整体目标出发,未来CHB中医临床疗效评价体系应以“中医优势+疾病临床结局”为双核心,即在关注症状改善、整体功能状态等中医优势维度的同时,主动对接疾病进展和预后相关终点。近年来研究提示,中医药联合抗病毒治疗在减缓肝纤维化进展、降低肝硬化及HCC发生风险、改善生存结局方面具有潜在获益,为中医药疗效与现代医学硬终点的衔接提供了依据。有关 CHB 中医核心结局集的研究,也为中医特有结局与现代医学终点的衔接提供了基础。

4.2 构建“多维度-分层级”的评价框架

回顾“十一五”至“十三五”期间我国中医及中西医结合治疗 CHB 的代表性研究可见,尽管不同研究团队在研究对象、干预方式及观察终点上各有侧重,但其疗效评价整体呈现由近期治疗反应、疾病活动度变化逐步延伸至长期临床结局评估的层次化特征。如高月求教授团队35侧重症状改善、血清学应答及肝功能、病毒学指标的综合评价;叶永安教授团队36强调症状改善在不同疾病阶段中的评价价值;周大桥教授团队37关注无症状HBV携带者的疾病活动度及进展风险识别;李晓东教授团队26突出长期随访与防治周期管理;李筠教授团队38则聚焦慢性乙型重型肝炎等重症人群。基于上述研究实践,可将中医药治疗CHB的临床疗效评价归纳为核心层、支撑层和结局层三层结构。

4.2.1 核心层:关键症状与功能状态的量化评价

核心层用于评价中医药干预后的直接临床反应,以乏力、纳差、胁痛、腹胀等高频症状及功能状态变化为主要内容,可通过统一的症状评分或患者报告结局工具进行量化。该层能够较好地体现中医药在改善症状和调节整体状态方面的治疗特点。

4.2.2 支撑层:肝功能、病毒学与无创纤维化评价

支撑层主要由客观、可重复的实验室与无创检查指标构成,用以支撑和解释核心层变化,并与现代肝病学评价体系接轨。建议将丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、白蛋白等肝功能指标以及HBV DNA、乙型肝炎e抗原/乙型肝炎表面抗原状态作为基础客观指标集;同时,纳入LSM及其他无创纤维化评价指标。现有研究表明,LSM水平及其动态变化与CHB患者的失代偿、肝病相关并发症及预后密切相关,可作为连接中期疾病进展与远期结局的重要指标39-40

4.2.3 结局层:肝硬化、HCC及生活质量等终点

结局层对应CHB长期管理的最终目标,包括失代偿期肝硬化发生或进展、HCC发生、肝病相关死亡及生存预后等“硬终点”,并结合健康相关生命质量等患者重要结局。现有研究提示,中医药联合抗病毒治疗在HBV相关肝纤维化或肝硬化患者中,可能对HCC发生和生存结局产生积极影响2。同时,既往循证研究也表明,缺乏死亡、失代偿和健康相关生命质量等关键终点是制约中医药研究证据等级提升的重要原因41。因此,将结局层纳入评价框架具有必要性。

综上,“核心层-支撑层-结局层”的三层评价结构,既可体现中医药在症状改善方面的优势,又可借助客观指标反映疾病演变,并通过长期临床结局检验综合疗效的真实价值。

4.3 强调动态评价与长期随访

现行国际指南普遍将CHB界定为动态进展性慢性疾病,强调每3~6个月对丙氨酸氨基转移酶、HBV DNA、血清学状态及肝纤维化程度进行规律随访,以识别疾病阶段转换、抗病毒应答及再活化风险。多项研究表明,治疗过程中指标的动态变化比单一基线值更具预后意义,尤其LSM随访值及其变化幅度有助于预测肝脏相关事件和HCC发生风险42。因此,未来的研究应加强纵向观察,并结合趋势分析和轨迹建模,以更全面反映中医药干预对 CHB 长期进程的影响。

4.4 推动临床术语标准化,促进高质量证据产生

世界卫生组织43和国际标准化组织(ISO/TS 22990),从国际层面提出了中医术语和概念框架标准化的要求,旨在提升中医药信息的可交流性、可比性与可整合性。在中医临床疗效评价中,标准化主要体现在术语表达、病证结合诊断及评价指标与量化方法等方面,有助于减少研究间差异并增强结果的可比性,近年来提出的基于整合证据链的中医药优效性评价方法,也为随机对照试验、真实世界研究及多源证据的协同应用提供了方法学支持44

5 展望与建议

在慢性乙型肝炎相关诊疗指南的基础上,未来可进一步推进“慢性乙型肝炎中医临床疗效评价标准”的制订,为多中心研究和真实世界数据采集提供统一框架。今后应强化以临床结局为导向的评价理念,将中医证候变化、症状积分及患者报告结局与肝功能、病毒学及肝纤维化指标共同纳入复合结局框架,并明确测量工具、评价时间点及统计分析方法,以提高中医疗效证据的规范性和可解释性。同时,可借助信息化与人工智能技术,整合电子病历、四诊信息、影像学及实验室数据,推动证候识别、症状评分和风险预测的量化与智能化,提升评价结果的客观性和一致性。最终,应以服务指南、共识及政策制定为导向,推动中医疗效评价由科研工具转化为支撑CHB长期管理和患者结局改善的实践工具。

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