1990—2023年东亚国家20~44岁青年人群非酒精性脂肪性肝病的疾病负担变化趋势分析

苏飞 ,  苏春芝 ,  孟宪鑫 ,  李京尧 ,  朱晓迪 ,  张金丽

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5) : 1048 -1055.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5) : 1048 -1055. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260509
脂肪性肝病

1990—2023年东亚国家20~44岁青年人群非酒精性脂肪性肝病的疾病负担变化趋势分析

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Changing trend of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among young people aged 20—44 years in East Asian countries in 1990—2023

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摘要

目的 分析1990—2023年东亚国家(中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国)青年非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的疾病负担,为制定和调整NAFLD的防治策略提供依据。 方法 基于2023年全球疾病负担(GBD 2023)数据库,提取东亚5国青年NAFLD的发病率、患病率和伤残调整寿命年(DALY)等疾病负担数据,并按国家、性别及年龄分组。使用估计年度百分比变化(EAPC)综合评价1990—2023年青年NAFLD疾病负担的变化趋势,并采用自回归移动平均(ARIMA)模型对中国青年NAFLD疾病负担进行预测。 结果 2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化发病率分别为926.57/10万、805.83/10万、412.66/10万、747.66/10万和534.08/10万;2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化患病率分别为16 817.94/10万、14 500.98/10万、8 534.40/10万、13 705.28/10万和11 587.93/10万;2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化DALY率分别为6.34/10万、10.18/10万、5.23/10万、47.93/10万和6.76/10万。1990—2023年,中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化发病率均呈上升趋势(EAPC:0.87%、0.52%、0.26%、0.48%和0.87%),中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化患病率均呈上升趋势(EAPC:0.99%、0.49%、0.24%、0.59%和0.93%);相反,中国、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化DALY率均呈下降趋势(EAPC:-2.21%、-2.01%、-0.37%和-4.62%),而朝鲜青年NAFLD的标化DALY率保持相对稳定(EAPC:-0.01%)。性别亚组分析表明,东亚5国青年NAFLD的疾病负担在不同性别中存在明显区别;年龄亚组分析表明,青年NAFLD的发病率随年龄的增长而下降,而青年NAFLD的患病率和DALY率随年龄的增长而上升。此外,未来中国青年NAFLD的标化发病率和标化患病率将进一步上升,而标化DALY率将呈下降趋势。 结论 青年NAFLD的疾病负担在不同国家、性别和年龄段中存在显著差异。未来需进一步结合疾病负担分布特点制定更具针对性的防治措施,从而有效降低青年NAFLD的疾病负担。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the disease burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among young people in East Asian countries (including China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea) in 1990—2023, and to provide a basis for formulating and adjusting the prevention and treatment strategies for NAFLD. Methods Related disease burden data of NAFLD among the young people in these five East Asian countries were collected from the Global Burden of Disease 2023 (GBD 2023) database, including incidence rate, prevalence rate, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and the young people were divided into groups based on country, sex, and age. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to comprehensively evaluate the changing trend of the disease burden of NAFLD among young people from 1990 to 2023, and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model was used to predict the disease burden of NAFLD among the young people in China. Results In 2023, the standardized incidence rates of NAFLD among the young people in China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea were 926.57/100 000, 805.83/100 000, 412.66/100 000, 747.66/100 000, and 534.08/100 000, respectively; the standardized prevalence rates of NAFLD among the young people in China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea were 16 817.94/100 000, 14 500.98/100 000, 8 534.40/100 000, 13 705.28/100 000, and 11 587.93/100 000, respectively; the standardized DALY rates of NAFLD among the young people in China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea were 6.34/100 000, 10.18/100 000, 5.23/100 000, 47.93/100 000, and 6.76/100 000, respectively. From 1990 to 2023, there was a tendency of increase in the standardized incidence rate of NAFLD among the young people in China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea, with an EAPC of 0.87%, 0.52%, 0.26%, 0.48%, and 0.87%, respectively; there was also a tendency of increase in the standardized prevalence rate of NAFLD among the young people in China, North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea, with an EAPC of 0.99%, 0.49%, 0.24%, 0.59%, and 0.93%, respectively; conversely, there was a tendency of reduction in the standardized DALY rate of NAFLD among the young people in China, Japan, Mongolia, and South Korea, with an EAPC of -2.21%, -2.01%, -0.37%, and -4.62%, respectively, while the standardized DALY rate of NAFLD among the young people in North Korea remained relatively stable, with an EAPC of -0.01%. The subgroup analysis based on sex showed that there was a significant difference in the disease burden of NAFLD between the young people with different sexes in the five East Asian countries, and the subgroup analysis based on age showed that the incidence rate of NAFLD in young people decreased with the increase in age, while the prevalence rate and DALY rate of NAFLD increased with age. In addition, the standardized incidence rate and standardized prevalence rate of NAFLD among Chinese young people would further increase in the future, while there would be a reduction in standardized DALY rate in the future. Conclusion There is a significant difference in the disease burden of NAFLD in young people across different countries, sexes, and age groups. In the future, targeted prevention and treatment measures should be developed based on the distribution characteristics of the disease burden of NAFLD, in order to effectively reduce the disease burden of NAFLD among young people.

Graphical abstract

关键词

非酒精性脂肪性肝病 / 发病率 / 患病率 / 伤残调整寿命年

Key words

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Incidence / Prevalence / Disability-Adjusted Life Year

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苏飞,苏春芝,孟宪鑫,李京尧,朱晓迪,张金丽. 1990—2023年东亚国家20~44岁青年人群非酒精性脂肪性肝病的疾病负担变化趋势分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(5): 1048-1055 DOI:10.12449/JCH260509

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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗、营养过剩等因素密切相关的慢性进展性肝病1-2。近年来,随着代谢综合征(如肥胖、糖尿病和血脂异常等)全球患病率的持续上升,NAFLD的疾病负担在不断加重2。目前,针对NAFLD的主要治疗方式包括生活方式干预(如饮食调整和运动)、药物治疗以及针对特定重度肥胖患者的代谢手术3-4。随着饮食结构、生活模式和工作习惯的改变,NAFLD的发病年龄呈现明显的年轻化趋势。研究表明,NAFLD在青年群体中的高发和早发,将显著延长患者的疾病暴露时间,从而增加其进展至非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化甚至终末期肝病的风险5-6。同时,NAFLD作为系统性代谢紊乱的重要体现,其早发也预示着个体未来发生心血管疾病、2型糖尿病等相关疾病的风险可能进一步升高7-8
多年来,全球青年NAFLD的新发病、患病数量持续增长,公共卫生和经济负担日益加重。中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国这5个东亚国家人口总数约占全球人口的22%,且在地理位置和文化习俗方面具有一定的相似之处。鉴于此,本研究利用2023年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease 2023,GBD 2023)数据库的数据,通过相应分析方法,对1990—2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的疾病负担进行详细分析和评估,旨在了解东亚5国青年NAFLD的流行特征,从而为降低青年NAFLD的疾病负担提供一定的参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 资料来源

本研究的数据来源于GBD 2023数据库,包含1990—2023年全球204个国家涵盖375种疾病和88种风险因素的疾病负担数据9。本研究从中提取1990—2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年人群(20~44岁,分为20~24岁、25~29岁、30~34岁、35~39岁和40~44岁5个年龄段10)NAFLD相关疾病负担数据,包括不同性别和年龄段的发病率、患病率和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)率,以及发病、患病和DALY的绝对数量。

1.2 研究方法

本研究基于GBD 2023提供的相应年龄组数据,根据世界卫生组织推荐的世界标准人口结构对20~44岁的数据进行标化,采用直接标准化法计算年龄标准化率(age-standardized rate,ASR),计算公式如下:

ASR=i=1nai×wii=1nwi×100000

式中,ai 为第i个年龄组的粗率,wi 为第i个年龄组在标准人口中的权重,n为年龄组的总数,100 000是将结果标准化为每10万人的比率。

估计年度百分比变化(estimated annual percentage change,EAPC)用以反映特定时间间隔内标化率的变化趋势11。EAPC通过建立ASR自然对数(ln)与时间的回归方程来刻画时间演变规律,形式为:Y=α+βX+ε,其中Y为因变量(ASR的自然对数)、α为回归截距、β为回归斜率、X为自变量(时间变量)、ε为随机误差项。计算得出β后代入EAPC=100×[exp(β)-1]即可得到EAPC值。EAPC>0表示标化疾病率呈上升趋势,反之则呈下降趋势。

自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)模型是根据历史数据的特征来预测序列自身未来的发展趋势12,本研究使用ARIMA模型对中国青年NAFLD疾病负担进行预测。

1.3 统计学方法

采用Excel软件对青年NAFLD相关数据进行录入、整理,使用R 4.4.2软件计算EAPC值以描述1990—2023年青年NAFLD的疾病负担趋势,绘制折线图以展示1990—2023年青年NAFLD的流行情况和变化趋势,并构建ARIMA模型进行预测分析。

2 结果

2.1 2023年青年NAFLD的疾病负担

东亚不同国家青年NAFLD的疾病负担存在显著差异,中国、朝鲜和蒙古的疾病负担较重。2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的发病数分别为4 159 218、80 142、132 213、9 187和87 917例,对应标化发病率分别为926.57/10万、805.83/10万、412.66/10万、747.66/10万和534.08/10万(表1)。2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的患病数分别为82 851 540、1 483 738、2 962 204、178 380和2 090 778例,对应标化患病率分别为16 817.94/10万、14 500.98/10万、8 534.40/10万、13 705.28/10万和11 587.93/10万(表2)。2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的DALY数分别为33 563、1 067、2 054、638和1 395人年,对应标化DALY率分别为6.34/10万、10.18/10万、5.23/10万、47.93/10万和6.76/10万(表3)。

2.2 1990—2023年青年NAFLD的标化发病率趋势

1990—2023年,中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化发病率均呈上升趋势。其中,中国和韩国青年NAFLD标化发病率的上升幅度较大,而日本青年NAFLD标化发病率的上升幅度最小(表1图1)。

2.3 1990—2023年青年NAFLD的标化患病率趋势

1990—2023年,中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化患病率均呈上升趋势。其中,中国和韩国青年NAFLD标化患病率的上升幅度较大,而日本青年NAFLD标化患病率的上升幅度最小(表2图2)。

2.4 1990—2023年青年NAFLD的标化DALY率趋势

1990—2023年,中国、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化DALY率均呈下降趋势。其中,韩国青年NAFLD标化DALY率的下降幅度较大,而蒙古青年NAFLD标化DALY率的下降幅度较小。此外,朝鲜青年NAFLD的标化DALY率保持相对稳定,EAPC值为-0.01%(95%CI:-0.10%~0.07%)(表3图3)。

2.5 青年NAFLD的性别和年龄分层分析

2023年中国和朝鲜男性青年NAFLD的标化发病率分别为889.30/10万和784.54/10万,分别明显低于女性青年NAFLD的965.96/10万和826.19/10万;日本、蒙古和韩国男性青年NAFLD的标化发病率分别为609.59/10万、798.39/10万和721.82/10万,分别明显高于女性青年NAFLD的207.78/10万、696.36/10万和326.59/10万(表1图4a)。

2023年中国、朝鲜、日本、蒙古和韩国男性青年NAFLD的标化患病率分别为17 645.77/10万、15 519.75/10万、12 633.44/10万、14 834.78/10万和15 648.93/10万,分别明显高于女性青年NAFLD的15 883.07/10万、13 457.06/10万、4 278.33/10万、12 573.89/10万和7 058.26/10万(表2图4b)。

2023年中国、朝鲜和日本男性青年NAFLD的标化DALY率分别为8.82/10万、12.20/10万和5.46/10万,分别明显高于女性青年NAFLD的3.70/10万、8.25/10万和4.99/10万;蒙古和韩国男性青年NAFLD的标化DALY率分别为46.85/10万和6.40/10万,分别低于女性青年NAFLD的49.08/10万和7.18/10万(表3图4c)。

不同年龄段青年NAFLD疾病负担明显不同,青年NAFLD发病率随年龄增长呈下降趋势,而青年NAFLD的患病率和DALY率随年龄增长呈上升趋势(图4)。

2.6 中国青年NAFLD的预测分析

ARIMA预测结果表明,2023—2040年中国青年NAFLD的标化发病率将继续呈上升趋势,于2040年上升至976.58/10万(图5a);2023—2040年中国青年NAFLD的标化患病率将轻微上升,于2040年上升至17 169.26/10万(图5b);相反,2023—2040年中国青年NAFLD的标化DALY率将继续呈下降趋势,于2040年下降至4.13/10万(图5c)。

3 讨论

近30年来,全球NAFLD的发病率和患病率均呈现持续上升趋势,DALY率呈持续下降趋势,与NAFLD相关的慢性肝炎、肝纤维化和肝硬化等并发症的发病率也明显上升5-6。同时,在城市化加速、饮食结构改变以及肥胖和糖尿病等代谢疾病的患病率迅速上升的背景下,NAFLD的发病年龄呈现明显的年轻化趋势13。NAFLD的早发也预示着个体未来患心血管疾病、2型糖尿病等相关合并症的风险将增加,凸显了早期识别疾病负担并实施有效干预措施的迫切性。

本研究结果显示,2023年东亚不同国家青年NAFLD的疾病负担存在显著差异,中国、朝鲜和蒙古较重,日本较轻,这与既往研究结果一致14。这种差异可能与各国的医疗、饮食结构和生活观念等多方面因素相关。例如,日本的医疗保险覆盖广、系统性强,医疗市场更依赖于私营医疗机构,且饮食模式多为低热量密度等。1990—2023年,东亚5国青年NAFLD的标化发病率和标化患病率均呈现上升趋势,中国、日本、蒙古和韩国青年NAFLD的标化DALY率均呈现下降趋势,朝鲜青年NAFLD的标化DALY率保持相对稳定。这表明,尽管医疗水平的提高可明显改善NAFLD的治疗效果并降低相应DALY负担,但对NAFLD的重视和预防不足可能仍是导致其发病率和患病率持续上升的重要原因。性别和年龄亚组的分析表明,东亚不同国家青年NAFLD的疾病负担在不同性别和年龄段中存在显著差异。整体上,青年男性NAFLD的疾病负担明显高于女性,这种差异可能与饮食习惯、遗传、重视程度、相关危险因素暴露情况及生活方式等多方面因素相关。男性中更多见过量食用高油、高盐和高热量食物等不良饮食习惯,且全球男性糖尿病的患病率和吸烟率高于女性15-16。然而,近年中国女性青年NAFLD的发病率呈上升趋势,且高于男性,这一趋势值得关注并需采取相关针对性预防措施。此外,青年NAFLD的发病率随年龄的增长呈下降趋势,而青年NAFLD的患病率和DALY率随年龄的增长呈上升趋势,这进一步突显了NAFLD早期预防的必要性。

预测结果表明,未来中国青年NAFLD的标化发病率和标化患病率将进一步上升,相应的疾病负担将进一步加重。因此,需采取有效、针对性强的干预措施来早期预防NAFLD的形成及进展,如改善饮食结构(避免高糖、高盐和高热量等食物的过量食用)、减少相关危险因素的暴露(减少吸烟及有效控制血糖等)、及时有效地干预(科学有效地锻炼及控制体重等)317。研究发现,久坐不动、睡眠不足和每日食物摄入频率较低与青年NAFLD的发生发展密切相关18。此外,空气污染物暴露和高尿酸也是NAFLD的重要危险因素,应纳入预防重点19-20。科学有效的治疗对于提高NAFLD患者生活质量也至关重要,应整合多学科治疗和护理(如心理支持、康复锻炼指导和长期随访等),从而有效改善患者的生活质量,降低NAFLD的疾病负担21-22

本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,GBD 2023数据库的数据质量、数据量及相应的修正方法可能对青年NAFLD的基础数据产生一定影响;其次,受限于数据来源,本研究未能探讨中国不同地区青年NAFLD疾病负担的差异;此外,未来青年NAFLD的疾病负担预测仅基于当前的结果和趋势,未考虑到医疗技术的显著进步、相应卫生政策的改变及相应风险因素的未来变化等。

综上所述,青年NAFLD的疾病负担在不同国家、性别和年龄组中存在显著差异,这种差异可能是由于饮食习惯、生活方式、遗传、重视程度及相关政策等多方面因素的共同作用。未来,中国青年NAFLD的发病率和患病率负担或将进一步增加,需结合NAFLD的负担分布特点实施针对性措施,制定多方面干预策略。

伦理学声明

本文全部数据均来自公开数据库,遵循《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》伦理准则。

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基金资助

河北省重点研发计划(223777124D)

河北省中医药管理局科研计划(2025258)

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