信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的应用现状与耐药机制

刘玲珑 ,  刘延

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 1698 -1703.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 1698 -1703. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260729
综述

信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的应用现状与耐药机制

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Current application and resistance mechanisms of sintilimab combined with bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

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摘要

肝细胞癌(HCC)在全球范围内疾病负担沉重,其发生与免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境密切相关。晚期HCC的系统治疗已进入免疫联合治疗时代,ORIENT-32研究奠定了信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案的一线地位,其临床价值后续也被多项真实世界研究验证。耐药性是该方案及其他多种靶免联合方案应用时面临的重要挑战。当前研究重点正转向解析其临床表型与分子机制,并推动生物标志物从静态预测向动态监测的临床转化。未来,克服耐药、优化联合策略及实现精准个体化治疗,是提升患者生存获益的关键。本综述旨在系统评估信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案在真实世界中的疗效与安全性,初步探讨其耐药机制,并综述预测疗效及指导克服耐药的关键生物标志物研究进展,为优化晚期HCC的精准治疗策略提供依据。

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imposes a significant global disease burden, and the development of HCC is closely associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Systemic therapy for advanced HCC has entered the era of immune combination therapy. The ORIENT-32 study has established the regimen of sintilimab combined with bevacizumab as the first-line therapy, and multiple real-world studies have confirmed its clinical value. Overcoming drug resistance remains a major challenge during the application of various combination regimens of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, including this particular regimen. Current research focus is gradually shifting toward deciphering its clinical phenotypes and molecular mechanisms, while promoting the clinical translation of biomarkers from static prediction to dynamic monitoring. In the future, overcoming drug resistance, optimizing combination strategies, and achieving precise individualized treatment are key to enhancing the survival benefit of patients. This article systematically evaluates the efficacy and safety of the sintilimab+bevacizumab regimen in a real-world setting, preliminarily discusses its drug resistance mechanism, and reviews the research advances in the biomarkers for predicting treatment response and guiding drug resistance overcoming, in order to provide a basis for optimizing the precise treatment strategies for advanced HCC.

关键词

癌,肝细胞 / 信迪利单抗 / 贝伐珠单抗 / 抗药性, 肿瘤 / 生物标记, 肿瘤

Key words

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Sintilimab / Bevacizumab / Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Biomarkers, Tumor

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刘玲珑,刘延. 信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的应用现状与耐药机制[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(7): 1698-1703 DOI:10.12449/JCH260729

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肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)作为原发性肝脏恶性病变的主流亚型,构成全球范围内重大的公共卫生挑战1。在地域分布上,该病在发展中国家的疾病负担较重。我国病例约占全球的50%2,其中乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染造成的流行病学负担近85%,导致患者5年生存率仅约12.1%。HCC发病的高峰年龄为60~70岁,男性发病率是女性的2~3倍3。由于筛查系统覆盖率与实施力度的局限,全球不足25%的HCC患者可通过规范化监控项目得以发现4,超过70%的患者因确诊时已处于中晚期而治疗方式有限,预后较差5-6
HCC的发病与慢性肝病进程密切相关。在慢性肝炎病毒感染、酒精性肝病、代谢相关脂肪性肝病及黄曲霉毒素暴露等损伤下7,80%~90%演变为肝硬化8-10。在此过程中,持续肝细胞再生、基因组不稳定及慢性炎症微环境等,共同构成了HCC发生的病理基础。值得注意的是,部分HCC可在非肝硬化肝脏中发生11,这在HBV感染及代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者中较为常见1012-14,提示其具有独特的机制,且不同病因所诱导的肿瘤微环境呈现异质性15-17。HCC演进过程伴随与宿主免疫系统的互动,遵循“免疫编辑”理论,历经清除、平衡、逃逸等3个阶段1418-19。在肿瘤发生初期,天然免疫和适应性免疫细胞(如自然杀伤细胞与CD8+ T细胞)能识别和杀伤突变的肝细胞(免疫清除期)。然而,HCC细胞和肿瘤微环境具有多种途径进行免疫抑制作用(免疫逃逸期),导致免疫应答时出现一系列微环境抑制信号,打破平衡形成恶性循环,从而促进肿瘤的发生18-20

1 HCC与免疫抑制微环境特征

相关研究表明,肝癌的肿瘤免疫微环境中存在大量抑制性免疫细胞浸润及抑制性介质作用,共同塑造整体免疫抑制态势21-22。其典型特征包括:在患者外周血与肿瘤组织内,调节性T细胞与髓系来源抑制细胞明显扩增,调节性T细胞通过接触抑制或释放白细胞介素10、肿瘤坏死因子β等因子直接抑制效应T细胞功能;髓系来源抑制细胞作为异质群体,可通过消耗精氨酸、产生氧化应激产物、阻碍T细胞活化及诱导调节性T细胞增殖等途径发挥抑制作用23-24。此外,肝脏中的肝巨噬细胞、功能缺陷的树突状细胞与调节性B细胞等亦参与构成抑制网络25。在免疫微环境中,免疫检查点信号通路增强,肿瘤及其基质细胞高表达程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)、淋巴细胞活化基因3、T细胞免疫球蛋白和免疫受体酪氨酸抑制性基序结构域蛋白以及T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3等免疫检查点分子,这些分子通过与T细胞表面相应受体结合,传导抑制信号,诱发T细胞耗竭。同时,肿瘤细胞还可下调主要组织相容性复合体分子表达,削弱抗原呈递效能26。研究指出,Wnt/β-联蛋白通路异常活化可干扰树突状细胞的募集与自然杀伤细胞的识别功能;MYC基因的过表达可诱导PD-L1高表达;TP53基因突变则倾向于招募更多的免疫抑制细胞27-28。HCC的病理特征之一为异常血管生成29。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)信号通路在HCC中有异位的激活,不仅直接诱导血管新生以获得能量和氧来源,同时还参与建立和维持免疫抑制的微环境,如抑制树突状细胞成熟,促进调节性T细胞、髓系来源抑制细胞聚集。鉴于VEGF可诱导血管新生,阻断VEGF能逆转HCC的异常血管生成,而VEGF阻断剂则可抑制血管生成30

2 晚期HCC的系统治疗

2007年,随着首个多靶点的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂索拉非尼的出现,晚期HCC的系统治疗方案就此确立。索拉非尼以阻断Raf蛋白激酶介导的肿瘤生长和VEGF受体、血小板衍生生长因子受体等介导的肿瘤血管化通路,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用26。随后,仑伐替尼与多纳非尼相继被证实可用于一线治疗;瑞戈非尼与卡博替尼则主要用于索拉非尼耐药后的二线治疗。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂在多种实体瘤的治疗中取得突破性进展,革新了实体瘤的治疗格局31-33。针对PD-1/PD-L1及CTLA-4通路,解除T细胞功能抑制、重启免疫应答的单药免疫治疗,如纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗等,在晚期HCC中显示出一定疗效。然而,单药治疗的客观缓解率相对有限,总体生存获益未达预期,凸显了肿瘤微环境中复杂的免疫抑制机制对单一药物响应的制约34。为此,联合治疗策略成为提升疗效的重要路径。

联合治疗策略主要包括以下3类:(1)双免疫联合治疗:CTLA-4抑制剂伊匹木单抗与PD-1抑制剂纳武利尤单抗联合方案已获准用于索拉非尼治疗后进展的晚期HCC患者。随后,美国等多国已批准该方案用于晚期HCC一线治疗。尽管该组合较单药治疗提高了客观缓解率,但其毒副反应亦相应增加35。(2)免疫联合抗血管生成治疗:阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗的Ⅲ期IMbrave150研究显示,该方案较索拉非尼在无进展生存期、总生存期获益及客观缓解率方面具有显著优势,已成为不可切除晚期HCC的一线标准疗法36。此方案从“血管正常化”理论侧面证实,抗血管药物可通过优化肿瘤血管结构、缓解肿瘤免疫抑制,从而增强免疫治疗作用。此外,其他方案如仑伐替尼联合帕博利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗联合替西木单抗等联合治疗也可作为一线治疗方案选择37。(3)局部与系统治疗并行:局部治疗可诱导肿瘤坏死,发挥免疫原效应以放大机体免疫应答、抑制肿瘤供血动脉再生;同时可延缓经动脉化疗栓塞治疗后的血管再生,降低疾病复发风险,与系统免疫治疗形成协同效应38

联合治疗方案的不良事件发生率高于单药治疗。免疫联合抗血管治疗的常见不良反应包括高血压、蛋白尿、手足皮肤反应(多见于酪氨酸激酶抑制剂),以及免疫相关不良反应,如免疫性肝炎、免疫性肺炎和内分泌功能异常等39。此外,并非所有患者均可从高强度联合治疗中同等获益。患者个体特征[包括年龄、美国东部肿瘤协作组体力状况评分、蔡尔德-皮尤分级(Child-Pugh分级)]、肿瘤自身生物学特征(肿瘤负荷、脉管侵犯及远处转移情况),以及潜在分子标志物(Wnt/β-联蛋白通路突变、炎性相关基因表达模式),均会影响临床治疗效果。因此,探索可作为有效预后预测的可靠生物标志物,用于指导治疗策略的个体化选择,是现阶段的重要临床需求。

3 信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗一线治疗方案

ORIENT-32 研究为一项关键Ⅲ期临床试验,旨在评估信迪利单抗(PD-1抑制剂)联合IBI-305(贝伐珠单抗生物类似药)对比索拉非尼,用于未接受过系统治疗、不可切除的HBV阳性HCC中国患者的一线疗效与安全性。该研究纳入571例患者,总生存期、无进展生存期和不良反应发生率等研究结果表明,联合治疗可显著改善疾病进展,不良事件与2种药物的既往已知毒理特征一致。基于该项阳性结果,ORIENT-32 成为全球首个证实 PD-1抑制剂联合抗VEGF药物在晚期HCC一线治疗中疗效优于索拉非尼的Ⅲ期临床研究40。该联合方案已于2021年获国家药品监督管理局批准,用于晚期HCC的一线治疗。

同时该研究仍存在一定局限性:首先,该研究聚焦于中国HBV相关HCC患者,受试者均为Child-Pugh A级、美国东部肿瘤协作组体力状况评分0~1分,且未纳入门静脉主干癌栓(Vp4分型)患者。相较于国际多中心IMbrave150研究(纳入丙型肝炎、酒精性及非酒精性脂肪性肝病相关的肝癌人群),ORIENT-32入组人群基线同质性更高,且不同地区局部治疗策略存在差异,一定程度上限制了该研究结果的跨区域应用。其次,研究纳排标准较为严格,未纳入Child-Pugh B级、自身免疫性疾病活动期、门静脉主干癌栓形成及老年衰弱等复杂的病例,限制了本研究结论推广至真实世界的患者。此外,研究随访时间仅仅10个月,无法较好地评价整体生存及不良反应;同时,后续是否介入二线治疗也可能对总生存期的分析产生偏倚40-41

4 真实世界证据对信迪利联合贝伐珠疗效与安全性的补充与拓展

真实世界研究通过整合临床实践中的异质数据,在多个方面展现出不同于随机对照试验的独特价值。其能够纳入常被随机对照试验排除的特定人群,还可分析实际诊疗中药物的可及性、剂量调整(如贝伐珠单抗减量或停药)以及辅助治疗策略(如抗病毒与营养支持)对临床结局的影响。此外,其长期随访能力有助于揭示3年以上的远期总生存情况,识别潜在的延迟生存获益和罕见晚期毒性(如免疫治疗相关肺纤维化),从而为长期用药安全管理提供依据42-44。一项真实世界研究表明,信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗对晚期HCC患者疗效显著优于索拉非尼单药治疗,可提高客观缓解率和疾病控制率,并延长患者的无进展生存期和总生存期45。Zhang等46开展的多中心回顾性研究纳入99例Child-Pugh A/B级晚期HCC患者,结果显示,信迪利联合治疗在Child-Pugh A级组与B级组中均表现出良好的抗肿瘤活性,客观缓解率分别为50.7%与57.7%,疾病控制率分别为83.6%与69.2%。然而,Child-Pugh B级组患者的中位总生存期(15个月 vs 22个月)和中位无进展生存期(8个月 vs 14个月)均显著低于Child-Pugh A级组,提示肝功能储备影响长期生存;除此之外,研究还发现治疗6个月后白蛋白-胆红素分级恶化是总生存期与无进展生存期的独立不良预后因素,提示动态监测肝功能变化对预测长期结局具有重要意义。另一项由Zeng等47进行的单中心真实世界研究(n=68,主要为Child-Pugh A级患者)报告了较低的客观缓解率(11.8%)但较高的疾病控制率(86.8%),中位总生存期为11.5个月,中位无进展生存期为7.9个月。该研究观察到的疗效差异可能与研究人群、评估标准(实体瘤临床疗效评价标准1.1)及联合局部治疗比例较高有关。

5 耐药模式的临床表型与分子机制

针对晚期HCC,耐药性是限制包括信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案在内的多种靶免联合方案疗效提升的主要原因之一48-49。由于耐药表型具有明显的时间和空间异质性,因此信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案可能的临床表现为以下3种模式:(1)原发性耐药:20%~30%的患者在起始治疗后3个月左右出现疾病进展,此类耐药通常与患者基线时肿瘤免疫微环境“干旱”状态(包括CD8+浸润细胞数<5个/mm2或Wnt/β-联蛋白信号通路活化、抑制抗原递呈等)相关。(2)获得性耐药:40%~50%的患者在起始治疗有效6个月左右出现疾病进展,其发生机制主要与克隆进化介导的免疫逃逸有关,具体机制包括 Janus激酶1/2缺失导致干扰素γ信号通路失敏,或者成纤维细胞生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptor,FGFR)扩增引发的血管生成相关旁路代偿性激活。(3)寡进展或者局限性耐药:15%~20%的患者在整体病情控制较好的前提下,出现孤立性新发肿瘤病灶,主要原因是局灶性的调节T细胞或髓系抑制细胞增加,或因物理屏障导致药物无法有效抵达病灶。超进展是一种特别的疾病进展模式,特指在治疗后8周内肿瘤负荷增长>50%,其发生目前存在多种假说,可能与基线状态髓系来源抑制细胞扩增、白细胞介素6>10 pg/mL,STK11或DNMT3A基因突变等因素显著相关50

针对上述耐药机制,相应的干预方法可能包括:Wnt通路抑制剂(如RXC004口服小分子药物)可拮抗免疫荒漠表型;FGFR抑制剂(厄达替尼)可拮抗代偿性血管生成;肠道菌群移植联合免疫治疗再挑战有望系统性重整宿主微环境,为破解耐药提供新路径。

目前,信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案治疗晚期HCC尚缺乏全球统一的进展节点定义,在一线治疗进展后,如何选择二线及后续治疗仍面临挑战,但通过对疾病进展的方式进行分层,并合理使用目前的二线方案51,仍可使部分患者获得生存获益。未来的发展方向应聚焦于基于生物标志物的个体化匹配治疗策略,以及研发新型药物,如双特异性抗体以及细胞治疗等。

6 从静态预测到动态干预的生物标志物临床转化

理想的预测体系不应依赖于单一标志物,而应基于病因与疾病分期,动态整合多维度信息。其核心路径为:首先进行病因学分型,进而选取该类别下最具预测价值的核心生物标志物谱,并在此基础上纳入甲胎蛋白、循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)等共性动态指标,最终实现全病程的个体化监测与管理。

PD-1/PD-L1等传统生物标志物在预测信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗疗效方面存在较大局限性。PD-L1表达具有空间异质性(如不同肿瘤间、肿瘤内及肝内/外病灶间的表达差异)及时间异质性(表达水平随时间推移而波动,稳定性较差)。尽管肿瘤突变负荷≥10 mut/Mb 提示中位总生存期得以延长(16.2个月 vs 10.1个月),但由于仅8%的患者达到该阈值,加之HBV相关HCC多呈低肿瘤突变负荷状态,其预测效能受限52。在HBV相关HCC中,早期治疗时甲胎蛋白8周内下降>20%预示更好的预后(风险比为0.42),而其在非病毒性HCC中的预测效能受到明显限制(曲线下面积为0.62)。由于上述静态生物标志物难以动态反映耐药机制的发展演变,促使研究更多偏重可实时监测疾病进展的融合生物标志物48。ctDNA分析有助于早期发现耐药,治疗第4周的ctDNA清除率与客观缓解率显著相关(r=0.78);检测到FGFR3扩增(风险比为3.11)或Janus激酶1/2缺失时,可较影像学提前约10周预测疾病进展;而基于ctDNA甲基化特征(如HOXA9基因高甲基化)识别超进展的敏感度可达92%53。多因子血液流式分析可区分其耐药亚群,VEGF、白细胞介素8和促血管生成素2高表达提示血管重塑型耐药,转化生长因子β和白细胞介素10持续高表达则提示免疫抑制性微环境54。空间转录组学分析可精确定位耐药区域,如CXC趋化因子配体12阳性基质细胞聚集区的免疫排斥表型,可为CXC趋化因子受体4靶向治疗提供线索55

对于肝癌的全程管理,基线HBV DNA>2 000 IU/mL的患者建议增强抗病毒治疗以预防原发耐药,治疗早期6周甲胎蛋白下降>30%并达到ctDNA清除是持续临床获益的预测标准,未达标准可尝试联合局部放疗等强化治疗。针对耐药后亚型的强化策略:免疫荒漠型可联合PORCN抑制剂;血管重塑型可换用VEGF受体/FGFR双靶点药物培唑帕尼;宿主微环境失调型可采用菌群移植联合免疫检查点(如PD-1)抑制剂。

7 小结与展望

在晚期HCC真实世界临床实践中,信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案的有效性已得到证实,但该方案的耐药性问题成为制约其临床应用的重大挑战,形成原因包括Wnt信号通路异常等免疫抑制肿瘤微环境的改变。动态整合性生物标志物(如ctDNA、时序性免疫谱)可用于筛选耐药病例并指导治疗策略调整,但仍需进一步标准化验证。精准医疗的路径是根据生物标志物筛查优势人群进行“同病异治”,根据标志物特征优化联合治疗策略(免疫联合抗血管、双免疫检查点联合阻断等),通过动态监测寻找“诱导-巩固-调整”的适应性治疗循环。为实现上述目标,未来亟需推动检测降费,探索将重要监测手段纳入医疗保险或建立疗效挂钩的支付模式,以保障公平精准个体化治疗。

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基金资助

贵州省人民医院科研基金(GZSYBS2022203)

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