肠道通透性改变在肝脏疾病中的作用机制与临床意义

杜家升 ,  陈刚 ,  何欢 ,  尹兴隆 ,  杨小番

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 1723 -1729.

PDF (905KB)
临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 1723 -1729. DOI: 10.12449/JCH260733
综述

肠道通透性改变在肝脏疾病中的作用机制与临床意义

作者信息 +

Mechanism of action and clinical significance of altered intestinal permeability in liver diseases

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (926K)

摘要

肠道通透性在肠-肝轴中扮演核心角色,已成为肝脏疾病防治的重要靶点。本文基于近年来国内外相关研究,综述了肠道屏障功能与肠道通透性的定义及相互关系、肠道通透性的评估方法,并重点探讨了肠道通透性在多种肝脏疾病发生发展中的作用机制与临床意义。研究表明, 肠道通透性的增加是多种肝脏疾病的重要特征和驱动因素,该状态导致细菌及有害物质易位,引发全身性炎症反应,从而加剧肝损伤、纤维化及代谢紊乱,与代谢相关脂肪性肝病、酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝病及其终末事件(包括肝硬化、肝衰竭以及肝细胞癌)的发生发展密切相关。未来研究应致力于评估方法的标准化、深入探索作用机制及相关成果的临床转化。

Abstract

Intestinal permeability plays a pivotal role in the gut-liver axis and has emerged as a critical target for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Based on recent studies in China and globally, this article reviews the definitions and interrelationship of intestinal barrier function and intestinal permeability, the methods for assessing intestinal permeability, and the mechanism of action and clinical significance of intestinal permeability in the development and progression of various liver diseases. Studies have shown that increased intestinal permeability is a significant hallmark and an important driving factor for multiple liver diseases, and this state leads to the translocation of bacteria and harmful substances, trigger a systemic inflammatory response, and thus exacerbates liver injury, fibrosis, and metabolic dysregulation. Therefore, it is closely associated with the development and progression of metabolic associated fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, and their end-stage events, including liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Future research should focus on the standardization of assessment methods, the exploration of underlying mechanisms, and the clinical translation of these findings.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肠道通透性 / 代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / 酒精性肝病 / 自身免疫性肝病 / 肝硬化

Key words

Intestinal Permeability / Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Alcoholic Liver Disease / Autoimmune Liver Disease / Liver Cirrhosis

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
杜家升,陈刚,何欢,尹兴隆,杨小番. 肠道通透性改变在肝脏疾病中的作用机制与临床意义[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2026, 42(7): 1723-1729 DOI:10.12449/JCH260733

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

肠道屏障功能状态的改变与多种疾病的发生及发展密切相关。马歇尔教授提出的肠-肝轴理论开创了肠道与肝脏相互作用的先河,后续学者在此基础上不断扩展其内涵,已有大量研究证明,肠道通透性的改变在肝脏疾病的病理生理过程中发挥重要作用。本文围绕肠道屏障的生理结构、肠道通透性的评价方法以及肠道通透性的改变在肝脏疾病中的研究现状进行综述,以期深入理解肠道通透性改变影响肝脏疾病发生与发展的作用机制。

1 肠道屏障与肠道通透性

1.1 肠道屏障的构成

肠道屏障在结构上从外到内分别是外层的黏液层、共生肠道菌群和防御蛋白,中间层的肠上皮细胞及内层的先天性和适应性免疫细胞组成的固有层按各层的结构及功能特征,可以将肠道屏障分为黏液屏障、微生物屏障、机械屏障和免疫屏障1

1.2 肠道屏障与肠道通透性的定义

肠道屏障功能是指肠壁作为选择性屏障,在防止细菌和有毒分子渗透的同时,允许营养物质、电解质和水的通过或运输。生理状态下,肠道中的物质通过肠上皮的方式取决于物质本身的大小、疏水性质及其他物理化学性质,具体转运方式包括跨细胞被动转运、跨细胞主动转运、囊泡的内吞作用和胞吐作用以及细胞旁途径。其中,细胞旁途径包含孔隙途径和渗漏途径,二者均受位于上皮连接复合体顶端的紧密连接(tight junction,TJ)结构的调节2。目前被广泛接受的肠道通透性的定义为:肠道中的中等分子量的亲水性分子以非载体或通道介导的方式通过肠上皮的特性3。其可反映孔隙途径、渗漏途径和非限制途径(上皮细胞损伤或死亡后,物质在缺乏上皮屏障之间区域的直接扩散)等3种不同途径的功能状态4

1.3 肠道屏障与肠道通透性的关系

肠道屏障功能是构成机体内环境稳定的基础,而肠道通透性是其选择性透过特性的量化体现。二者之间维持动态平衡,受复杂精密的信号网络调控。

首先,肠道屏障的完整性是维持正常通透性的结构基础。黏液屏障作为第一道防线,通过物理和化学机制隔绝微生物5。微生物屏障则通过营养竞争、分泌抗菌肽及产生短链脂肪酸等方式,抑制病原体并强化上皮功能6。长期高脂高糖饮食、酒精摄入、特定药物、炎症性肠病及肠道缺血等,均可改变肠道菌群结构并抑制黏液分泌,导致上皮细胞直接暴露于有害刺激,最终破坏由细胞及其TJ构成的机械屏障。

其次,肠道通透性的改变是屏障功能失调的精确反映,其机制具有途径特异性。生理状态下,细胞旁途径的孔隙途径由特定密封蛋白(Claudin)精细调控,通过电荷选择性和尺寸选择性允许水、小离子等物质选择性通过;而渗漏途径通常处于关闭状态。当屏障受损时,孔隙途径的改变主要表现为特定Claudin蛋白表达谱的改变,例如Claudin-2上调会增加对小分子物质的通透性7。此时,渗漏途径也会被激活,成为病理状态下通透性增加的主要机制。多种刺激如肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β可触发细胞内肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)信号分子活化8,导致TJ核心蛋白如闭合蛋白(Occludin)、紧密连接蛋白1发生磷酸化、内化及重排,进而使TJ复合物解离,打开渗漏途径,允许较大分子的物质如脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)非选择性通过4。在上皮细胞严重损伤、凋亡或脱落时,非限制途径开放,肠道屏障出现“漏洞”,物质几乎可无阻碍地通过,标志着屏障功能的丧失。

最后,关键信号通路是连接屏障损伤与通透性增加的分子桥梁。核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)/MLCK通路构成了核心网络。例如,肠道菌群失调或有害代谢产物可激活肠上皮细胞的Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)如TLR2/4,下游通过NF-κB信号通路上调MLCK等基因的表达9;加之促炎细胞因子(如TNF-α)亦可直接激活MLCK。上述信号最终汇聚于MLCK,共同导致肠道通透性增加。

2 肠道通透性的评估

目前,肠道通透性的评估方法主要包括:基于生物标志物的评估、口服探针尿液检测、体外肠上皮渗透性评价等,技术手段涉及体内及体外(离体)评估方法10-11

2.1 利用生物标志物评估

首先,肠道上皮TJ作为肠道细胞旁通透性的决定性结构,当肠道屏障受损、肠道通透性增加时,常伴随Occludin、Claudin、ZO蛋白家族等TJ相关蛋白表达和重新分布减少12。其次,细菌代谢产物在肠道屏障受损时可释放进入血液循环,成为反映肠道通透性变化的重要标志物。D-乳酸由肠道厌氧菌代谢生成13,而LPS是革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁的组成部分,正常情况下不易被吸收;肠道通透性增加时,血清中LPS含量显著升高14。另外,免疫相关分子在肠道通透性评估中也有重要应用。连蛋白(Zonulin)作为肠上皮TJ的重要调节因子,可以导致细胞骨架重排和TJ破坏,进而增加肠道通透性15;脂肪酸结合蛋白是特异性表达于肠上皮细胞的细胞内蛋白,肠道损伤时其在血液和尿液中的浓度升高,是评估肠道通透性的可靠标志物16;LPS结合蛋白(lipopolysaccharide binding protein,LBP)通过与LPS结合调节免疫反应,其水平升高常与肠道屏障受损及全身炎症反应相关17。该方法表现出良好的临床转化能力,但其涉及多个生物标志物,目前学界对其选择与解读尚缺乏统一共识。

2.2 口服探针法评估肠道通透性

口服探针法通过测量尿液排泄率以评估肠道通透性。其中应用最广泛的方法是甘露醇/乳果糖比值法,因乳果糖较甘露醇更难穿透正常的肠道屏障,当肠道通透性升高时,乳果糖能够通过渗漏途径或非限制途径通过肠道屏障,导致该比值下降2。该方法是一种非侵入性技术,具有操作简单、非侵入性和高灵敏度等优势,广泛应用于肠道通透性评估和肠道屏障功能的研究18

2.3 体外肠渗透性实验

目前常用的体外肠渗透性实验包括利用尤斯灌流室、Caco-2细胞模型和肠类器官模型。尤斯灌流室被认为是肠道通透性检测的金标准,其将新鲜肠黏膜组织分离后置于尤斯灌流室的两个腔室之间,模拟肠道的上腔和基底膜环境,通过电生理方法测量药物、离子及糖类等物质的透过性,也常用于药物吸收及肠屏障损伤相关疾病的研究19。Caco-2细胞系最初由人结直肠腺癌组织中分离建立,能够在特定的培养基上分化成具有TJ和运输功能的肠上皮样单层细胞结构,因其形态、功能与肠道上皮细胞相似,被广泛应用于药物吸收相关研究。肠类器官模型是肠道通透性研究的一项创新进展,其利用肠道干细胞构建三维结构,能高度模拟肠道生理环境、屏障功能及免疫反应,为药物吸收和肠道疾病研究提供了较传统模型更具生理相关性的平台20。然而,上述技术因操作复杂、成本昂贵,难以用于常规临床检测。

3 肠道通透性在肝脏疾病中的研究现状

3.1 代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)

MAFLD是一类由代谢功能紊乱导致的慢性肝病,其疾病谱涵盖单纯性肝脂肪变性、代谢相关脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化及肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)。“多重打击”模型进一步揭示了该病的发病机制,强调多因素、多环节的共同作用,并指出肠道微生态失调在疾病发展中具有重要作用。

研究显示,肠道通透性改变与MAFLD的疾病严重程度存在显著关联。血清Zonulin水平与肝脏炎症、坏死程度呈正相关,尤其与门静脉炎症的严重程度高度一致21,而结肠通透性升高与肝纤维化程度独立相关22。此外,Zonulin水平还与患者的胰岛素抵抗和代谢标志物(如腰围、总胆固醇等)之间存在显著关联23。且研究证实,肠道通透性与代谢治疗效果相关24。综上所述,肠道通透性的定量检测有望成为评估MAFLD病情的潜在重要工具,并为理解其病理机制提供了新视角。

在机制层面,肠道屏障功能障碍在MAFLD早期即已出现,并可能是肝损伤的始动因素25。肠道通透性增加促使循环LPS通过激活TLR4/NF-κB通路驱动肝脏炎症与纤维化,此过程可被TLR4抑制剂或阿司匹林显著缓解26。同时,肠道炎症通过上调促炎因子TNF-α、白细胞介素1β和LPS水平,抑制肝细胞核因子4α表达,减少极低密度脂蛋白-甘油三酯分泌,从而加剧肝脂肪沉积27。动物实验进一步证实,肠道通透性升高伴随免疫基因表达上调和肝脏炎症加剧,揭示肠道屏障损伤、免疫失调与微RNA变化共同推动疾病进展28

3.2 酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)

ALD是一种由长期过量饮酒所致的肝脏损伤谱系疾病。既往研究认为,ALD主要是源于酒精及其代谢产物对肝细胞的直接毒性作用;然而近年研究发现,肠道屏障损伤在ALD发生发展中扮演着重要角色。酒精导致肠道通透性升高,使得肠道来源的细菌毒素和炎症信号成为推动肝脏炎症与损伤的关键因素29

在ALD中,乙醇通过多重分子机制破坏肠道屏障功能,导致通透性显著升高。长期酒精摄入可稳定地引起肠道菌群失调,表现为菌群α与β多样性显著降低,且这种改变具有特定的时间动态和关键菌群标志30。酒精诱导的菌群失调进而引发以TNF-α升高为特征的肠道炎症,并通过激活TNF受体1/MLCK信号通路破坏TJ完整性31,具体表现为陷窝蛋白1介导的Occludin内吞32。同时,乙醇还能上调肠上皮细胞中微RNA-212表达,降低紧密连接蛋白1水平,直接损害TJ结构33。此外,乙醇可通过诱导钙离子释放,激活Rho/Rho相关卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶通路34,并经细胞色素P450 2E1代谢产生活性氧,通过激活蛋白激酶A/环磷酸腺苷应答元件结合蛋白质信号通路上调核心生物钟基因昼夜节律蛋白235,共同导致肠道上皮屏障功能障碍。由此增加的肠道通透性促使肠道细菌及LPS等物质易位36。这些物质通过激活肝脏TLR4受体及其下游的髓样分化因子88、β干扰素TIR结构域衔接蛋白信号通路,触发广泛的炎症级联反应37,最终共同驱动ALD的疾病进展。

3.3 自身免疫性肝病(autoimmune liver disease,AILD)

AILD主要包括自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)和原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC),是导致非病毒性、非酒精性肝损伤的重要原因,日益成为全球性的公共卫生挑战。过去十年间,肠道微生物组、免疫检查点及新型生物标志物在AILD中的作用被不断揭示,丰富了对该类疾病病理生理过程的理解。

现有研究显示,肠道菌群失调及通透性升高在AILD的发生与进展中发挥重要推动作用。在PBC中,可观察到回肠内存在以鞘脂单胞菌科与假单胞菌属过度生长为特征的菌群生态失调,多因素分析证实,这两种菌群的过度增殖是PBC的独立关联因素38。进一步研究发现,格氏乳球菌能够通过下调紧密连接蛋白表达,加剧PBC相关的肝损伤与纤维化进程39。在自身免疫性肝炎患者中,血浆内毒素、D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶及Zonulin水平均显著升高,提示肠道细菌及其产物可能通过激活肝脏巨噬细胞受体相互作用蛋白激酶3信号通路,从而驱动肝脏炎症与免疫损伤40。此外,血清Zonulin与粪便钙卫蛋白(反映肠道炎症的中性粒细胞蛋白)被证实与肝移植术后PSC的复发独立相关,显示出作为预测PSC术后复发新型生物标志物的潜力41

3.4 肝硬化与肝衰竭

肝硬化是各种慢性肝病的终末阶段,其特征不仅包括肝组织结构破坏、再生结节形成,还表现为肝功能失调以及随之而来的门静脉高压。随着病情的进一步进展,部分肝硬化患者可发展为失代偿状态,最终演变为慢性肝衰竭或慢加急性肝衰竭,伴有极高的病死率。在此过程中,肠道屏障功能改变已成为影响疾病进程的重要因素。

肝硬化患者存在明显的肠道屏障功能障碍,表现为十二指肠通透性增加、跨上皮电阻抗值下降及肠道菌群多样性降低42。在机制层面,除门静脉高压引发的肠道淤血、水肿、缺氧以及随之而来的局部炎症反应可诱发肠血管屏障损伤外,宿主来源的肠道菌群也可通过激活TLR2/4-NF-κB信号通路,诱导肠道上皮氧化应激,促进炎症因子释放与活性氧生成,同时抑制抗氧化因子,最终导致肠道屏障破坏43。此外,法尼醇X受体-成纤维细胞生长因子19信号通路异常也参与调控肠道屏障功能,其下调与TJ功能受损、菌群结构破坏及LPS易位密切相关,并进一步加剧肝脏炎症反应44

肠道通透性的相关标志物在肝硬化及肝衰竭的病情评估与预后预测中展现出重要价值。特定微生物如双歧杆菌的变化与肠道通透性改变及肝衰竭住院风险密切相关42。粪便钙卫蛋白在肝硬化患者中显著升高,尤其在慢加急性肝衰竭患者中更为明显,其水平≥200 µg/g时与病情恶化及脓毒症发生风险密切相关45。基于肠-肝-肾轴理论,血液中Zonulin、LPS及LBP等标志物可作为预测肝肾综合征和急性肾损伤的有效工具46。前瞻性研究表明,联合检测血浆LBP与肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白可有效预测失代偿期肝硬化患者90 d病死率,受试者操作特征曲线下面积达0.83,具有重要的临床预后评估价值47

3.5 HCC

HCC作为全球高发的恶性肿瘤,其发生以长期肝损伤与慢性炎症为基础,并涉及免疫失调、代谢紊乱及肿瘤微环境改变等多个环节。近年研究进一步揭示,肠道屏障功能障碍是HCC发病机制中的重要因素。肠道通透性增加可促使肠道细菌及内毒素(如LPS)经肠-肝轴易位至肝脏,通过激活系统性免疫反应与持续炎症,推动HCC的发生与发展48

研究表明,当肠道通透性升高时,肠道来源的LPS通过激活TLR4受体,进而触发NF-κB、Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活蛋白3等信号通路,参与肝细胞恶性转化过程49。除LPS之外,特定肠道病原菌的易位也在HCC发生中发挥重要作用。研究显示,接受HCC患者粪菌移植的受体小鼠可出现肠道通透性升高,肺炎克雷伯杆菌等肠道细菌随之转移至肝脏,并通过青霉素结合蛋白1B与肝细胞TLR4受体结合,激活致癌和炎症通路,推动HCC进展50。此外,肠道通透性增加还可通过改变肝脏免疫微环境间接促进肿瘤发展。TLR4通路的激活可经由CXC趋化因子配体1及其受体CXCR2趋化途径51募集单核髓源抑制细胞等免疫抑制性细胞,进而抑制T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答,形成有利于肿瘤逃逸的局部微环境52

4 总结与展望

现有研究表明,肠道通透性的变化通过肠-肝轴调控免疫反应、炎症及纤维化过程,在MAFLD、ALD、AILD、肝硬化、肝衰竭和HCC等疾病的发生与发展中发挥关键作用(图1)。尽管目前学界对肠道通透性改变与肝脏疾病之间的关系已有初步了解,但仍存在诸多挑战与研究空白。首先,可用于临床的肠道通透性评估方法繁杂,且尚无统一、规范的标准。其次,肠道通透性的改变程度在不同类型及不同分期肝脏疾病中的动态特征有待进一步明确。最后,肠道通透性改变影响肝脏疾病的具体分子机制尚未完全阐明,尤其是关键信号通路在不同疾病间的交叉相互作用关系仍不清晰。

未来研究应聚焦于以下几个方面:(1)建立标准化的评估体系,通过多中心临床研究验证现有生物标志物的敏感性与特异性,同时探索新型检测技术的临床应用潜力;(2)借助类器官共培养模型、空间转录组学等前沿技术,系统阐释不同肝病阶段肠道通透性变化的动态规律及其与疾病进展的因果关系;(3)深入探索肠-肝轴中关键信号通路(如TLR4/NF-κB、MLCK等)的交互作用网络,阐明这些通路在各类肝脏疾病中的共性与特性;(4)持续推进针对肠道屏障功能的干预研究,验证益生菌、粪菌移植和屏障保护剂等治疗策略对改善肝脏疾病预后的临床价值。通过上述系统性研究,有望最终实现基于肠道通透性精准评估的肝脏疾病的早期诊断、风险分层和个体化治疗。

参考文献

[1]

Song C Y, Chai Z L, Chen S, et al. Intestinal mucus components and secretion mechanisms: What we do and do not know[J]. Exp Mol Med, 2023, 55(4): 681-691. DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00960-y .

[2]

Perez-diaz-del-campo N, Castelnuovo G, Ribaldone D G, et al. Fecal and circulating biomarkers for the non-invasive assessment of intestinal permeability[J]. Diagnostics, 2023, 13(11): 1976. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111976 .

[3]

France M M, Turner J R. The mucosal barrier at a glance[J]. J Cell Sci, 2017, 130(2): 307-314. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193482 .

[4]

Horowitz A, Chanez-paredes S D, Haest X, et al. Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 20(7): 417-432. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3 .

[5]

Paone P, Cani P D. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners?[J]. Gut, 2020, 69(12): 2232-2243. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322260 .

[6]

Yang M Z, Jiang Z P, Zhou L T, et al. 3’-Sialyllactose and B. infantis synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching cross-feeding bacteria for short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis[J]. Gut Microbes, 2025, 17(1): 2486512. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2486512 .

[7]

Oami T, Abtahi S, Shimazui T, et al. Claudin-2 upregulation enhances intestinal permeability, immune activation, dysbiosis, and mortality in sepsis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2024, 121(10): e2217877121. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217877121 .

[8]

Chanez-paredes S D, Abtahi S, Zha J M, et al. Mechanisms underlying distinct subcellular localization and regulation of epithelial long myosin light-chain kinase splice variants[J]. J Biol Chem, 2024, 300(2): 105643. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105643 .

[9]

Garg A, Zhao A, Erickson S L, et al. Pregnane X receptor activation attenuates inflammation-associated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting cytokine-induced myosin light-chain kinase expression and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 activation[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2016, 359(1): 91-101. DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234096 .

[10]

Schoultz I, Keita Å V. The intestinal barrier and current techniques for the assessment of gut permeability[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(8): 1909. DOI: 10.3390/cells9081909 .

[11]

Seethaler B, Basrai M, Neyrinck AM, et al. Biomarkers for assessment of intestinal permeability in clinical practice[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2021, 321(1): G11-G17. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2021 .

[12]

Alizadeh A, Akbari P, Garssen J, et al. Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions[J]. Tissue Barriers, 2022, 10(3): 1996830. DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1996830 .

[13]

Remund B, Yilmaz B, Sokollik C. D-lactate: Implications for gastrointestinal diseases[J]. Children, 2023, 10(6): 945. DOI: 10.3390/children10060945 .

[14]

Stephens M, von der Weid P Y. Lipopolysaccharides modulate intestinal epithelial permeability and inflammation in a species-specific manner[J]. Gut Microbes, 2020, 11(3): 421-432. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1629235 .

[15]

Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases[J]. Tissue Barriers, 2016, 4(4): e1251384. DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384 .

[16]

Huang X, Zhou Y C, Sun Y W, et al. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: A rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism[J]. Prog Lipid Res, 2022, 87: 101178. DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101178 .

[17]

Narum M, Seljeflot I, Bratseth V, et al. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with coronary artery disease in long-term type 1 diabetes-the Dialong study[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2024, 23(1): 419. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02509-3 .

[18]

Martínez Velasco S, González García A, Irastorza Terradillos I X, et al. Chapter 4-Intestinal permeability assessment using lactulose and mannitol in celiac disease[M]//Castellanos-rubio A, Galluzzi L. Methods in Cell Biology. Academic Press, 2023: 39-50.

[19]

Streekstra E J, Keuper-navis M, van den Heuvel J J M W, et al. Human enteroid monolayers as a potential alternative for Ussing chamber and Caco-2 monolayers to study passive permeability and drug efflux[J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2024, 201: 106877. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106877 .

[20]

Kourula S, Derksen M, Jardi F, et al. Intestinal organoids as an in vitro platform to characterize disposition, metabolism, and safety profile of small molecules[J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2023, 188: 106481. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106481 .

[21]

Rosso C, Caviglia G P, Younes R, et al. Circulating zonulin is related to hepatic necroinflammation in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Clin Lab, 2020, 66(4). DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190922 .

[22]

de Munck T J I, Verhaegh P, Spooren C, et al. Colonic permeability is increased in non-cirrhotic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2023, 55(5): 614-621. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.12.022 .

[23]

Rosso C, Caviglia G P, Armandi A, et al. Association between gut permeability and insulin resistance: Any role for zonulin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2021, 45(2): 101611. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.101611 .

[24]

Zhuang Y P, Zhang Y T, Zhang R X, et al. The gut-liver axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Association of intestinal permeability with disease severity and treatment outcomes[J]. Int J Clin Pract, 2022, 2022: 4797453. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4797453 .

[25]

Kaushal K, Agarwal S, Sharma S, et al. Demonstration of gut-barrier dysfunction in early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A proof-of-concept study[J]. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2022, 12(4): 1102-1113. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.006 .

[26]

Carpino G, Del Ben M, Pastori D, et al. Increased liver localization of lipopolysaccharides in human and experimental NAFLD[J]. Hepatology, 2020, 72(2): 470-485. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31056 .

[27]

Li P, Chen X, Dong M L, et al. Gut inflammation exacerbates high-fat diet induced steatosis by suppressing VLDL-TG secretion through HNF4α pathway[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2021, 172: 459-469. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.027 .

[28]

Longo L, Tonin Ferrari J, Rampelotto P H, et al. Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability drive microRNAs, NLRP-3 inflammasome and liver fibrosis in a nutritional model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adult male sprague dawley rats[J]. Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 2020, 13: 351-368. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S262879 .

[29]

王阳, 李家玺, 刘常睿, . 六维磷脂通过恢复肠道屏障改善酒精性肝炎[J/CD].中国肝脏病杂志(电子版), 2025, 17(4): 11-20. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2025.04.003 .

[30]

Wang Yang, Li Jiaxi, Liu Changrui, et al. Hexavitamin soya lecithin mitigates alcoholic liver disease via intestinal barrier restoration[J/CD].Chin J Liver Dis (Electronic Version),2025,17(4):11-20.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2025.04.003 .

[31]

Lebrun E S, Nighot M, Dharmaprakash V, et al. The gut microbiome and alcoholic liver disease: Ethanol consumption drives consistent and reproducible alteration in gut microbiota in mice[J]. Life, 2020, 11(1): 7. DOI: 10.3390/life11010007 .

[32]

Chen P, Stärkel P, Turner J R, et al. Dysbiosis-induced intestinal inflammation activates tumor necrosis factor receptor I and mediates alcoholic liver disease in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2015, 61(3): 883-894. DOI: 10.1002/hep.27489 .

[33]

Wang H Y, Chi C, Xu Y Q, et al. Occludin endocytosis is involved in the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier in a mouse model of alcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. J Dig Dis, 2019, 20(9): 476-485. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12800 .

[34]

Tang Y M, Banan A, Forsyth C B, et al. Effect of alcohol on miR-212 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and its potential role in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2008, 32(2): 355-364. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00584.x .

[35]

Elamin E, Masclee A, Dekker J, et al. Ethanol disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity through intracellular calcium-mediated Rho/ROCK activation[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2014, 306(8): G677-G685. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00236.2013 .

[36]

B T 4th Davis, Voigt R M, Shaikh M, et al. CREB protein mediates alcohol-induced circadian disruption and intestinal permeability[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2017, 41(12): 2007-2014. DOI: 10.1111/acer.13513 .

[37]

张玉秀, 贺博, 张立君, . 酒精性肝病的发病机制和药物干预研究新进展[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学, 2026, 31(3): 409-419. DOI:10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2026.03.013 .

[38]

Zhang Yuxiu, He Bo, Zhang Lijun, et al. Research progress on pathogenesis and drug intervention of alcoholic liver disease[J].Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2026, 31(3): 409-419. DOI: 10.12092/j.issn.1009-2501.2026.03.013 .

[39]

Hartmann P, Chen W C, Schnabl B. The intestinal microbiome and the leaky gut as therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Front Physiol, 2012, 3: 402. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00402 .

[40]

Kitahata S, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida O, et al. Ileal mucosa-associated microbiota overgrowth associated with pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 19705. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99314-9 .

[41]

Liu M, Ji Y L, Hu Y J, et al. Lactococcus garvieae aggravates cholestatic liver disease by increasing intestinal permeability and enhancing bile acid reabsorption[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2025, 31(10): 101014. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i10.101014 .

[42]

Zhang H X, Liu M, Zhong W L, et al. Leaky gut driven by dysbiosis augments activation and accumulation of liver macrophages via RIP3 signaling pathway in autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 624360. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624360 .

[43]

Hlavaty M, Brezina J, Osadcha T, et al. Serological markers of intestinal barrier function and inflammation as potential predictors of recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis[J]. Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 2025, 18: 171-178. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S508794 .

[44]

Bloom P P, Rao K, Bassis C, et al. Regional changes in intestinal permeability in cirrhosis are associated with mucosal bacteria[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2023, 7(10): e0221. DOI: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000221 .

[45]

Midori Y, Nosaka T, Hiramatsu K, et al. Isolation of mucosa-associated microbiota dysbiosis in the ascending colon in hepatitis C virus post-sustained virologic response cirrhotic patients[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14: 1371429. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1371429 .

[46]

Simbrunner B, Hofer B S, Schwabl P, et al. FXR-FGF19 signaling in the gut-liver axis is dysregulated in patients with cirrhosis and correlates with impaired intestinal defence[J]. Hepatol Int, 2024, 18(3): 929-942. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10636-4 .

[47]

Jothimani D, Paramasivam R, Manoharan M, et al. Fecal calprotectin in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2023, 42(6): 818-823. DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01450-9 .

[48]

Lin Y H, Kuo N R, Shen H C, et al. Prediction models combining zonulin, LPS, and LBP predict acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13(1): 13048. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40088-7 .

[49]

Haedge F, Reuken P A, Reißing J, et al. Surrogate markers of intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and gut-vascular barrier damage across stages of cirrhosis[J]. Liver Int, 2025, 45(6): e70119. DOI: 10.1111/liv.70119 .

[50]

黄登, 翟富德, 李建伟. 肠道菌群在肝细胞癌免疫抑制微环境中的作用机制与治疗策略[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2025, 24(11): 1451-1458. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20251008-00616 .

[51]

Huang Deng, Zhai Fude, Li Jianwei. Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of gut microbiota in the immune‑suppressive micro-environment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Dig Surg, 2025, 24(11): 1451-1458. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20251008-00616 .

[52]

Bian C F, Wang Y, Yu A, et al. Gut microbiota changes and biological mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization treatment[J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 1002589. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1002589 .

[53]

Wang X L, Fang Y, Liang W, et al. Gut-liver translocation of pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in mice[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2025, 10(1): 169-184. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01890-9 .

[54]

Zhang Q F, Ma C, Duan Y, et al. Gut microbiome directs hepatocytes to recruit MDSCs and promote cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Cancer Discov, 2021, 11(5): 1248-1267. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0304 .

[55]

Schneider K M, Mohs A, Gui W F, et al. Imbalanced gut microbiota fuels hepatocellular carcinoma development by shaping the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment[J]. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 3964. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31312-5 .

基金资助

云南省科技厅重大科技专项计划项目(202302AA310018-F-4)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (905KB)

0

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/