基于MOFs的油水分离膜研究进展

陈一夫 ,  肖淑娟

离子交换与吸附 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (06) : 512 -521.

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离子交换与吸附 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (06) : 512 -521. DOI: 10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2025060512
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基于MOFs的油水分离膜研究进展

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Progress of Oil-Water Separation Membranes Based on MOFs

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摘要

随着工业化进程的加快及人类社会生活水平的提高,大量含油废水的排放对生态环境与人类健康构成了严重威胁。因此,开发高效、耐用且可持续的油水分离材料已成为研究热点。文章系统综述了MOFs基油水分离膜的分类、不同制备方法及性能改进策略,并对其未来发展趋势进行展望,旨在为该领域的进一步研究与技术提升提供参考。

Abstract

With the acceleration of industrialization and the improvement of human living standards, the discharge of a large amount of oily wastewater poses a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, the development of efficient, durable and sustainable oil-water separation materials has become a research hotspot. This article systematically reviews the classification, different preparation methods and performance improvement strategies of MOFs-based oil-water separation membranes, and looks forward to their future development trends, aiming to provide references for further research and technological improvement in this field.

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关键词

金属有机骨架 / 光催化 / 油水分离 / 抗污染

Key words

Metal-organic frameworks / Photocatalysis / Oil-water separation / Anti-pollution

引用本文

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陈一夫,肖淑娟. 基于MOFs的油水分离膜研究进展[J]. 离子交换与吸附, 2025, 41(06): 512-521 DOI:10.16026/j.cnki.iea.2025060512

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1 前 言

随着工业的不断发展,大量工业和生活废水的排放严重威胁生态环境,导致清洁水资源匮乏[1-3],危害人体健康[4-6]。其中,复杂的含油废水易发生沉淀或转化为致癌物质,给环境安全[7]带来巨大的挑战;加之其常与其他污染物共存,处理难度远高于单一污染物。因此,开发高效抗污染的油水分离材料具有重要的现实意义[8-9]

膜分离技术因操作简单、高效,在油水分离领域备受关注[10-11]。通过调控膜的表面化学性质,可对不同类型的油水混合体系实现高效分离。在实际应用中,油水分离材料需具有高分离效率、长期稳定性及复杂环境适应性;膜分离技术依赖膜材料的选择性渗透,可实现油水的高效、精准分离。先进的膜材料通常具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性和力学强度,可承受复杂的油水分离环境,且经清洗等后处理后可循环使用,大幅延长其使用寿命。膜分离技术在油水分离领域展现出巨大优势,是解决复杂油水混合物分离问题的重要手段之一。

金属有机骨架 (MOFs) 作为典型的结晶型杂化多孔材料,凭借表面积大、化学与热稳定性高、结构可调等优点,在膜分离领域具有广阔的应用前景[12-14]。MOFs表面化学多样性强,可通过引入亲水性或疏水性基团优化分离选择性;许多基于Fe、Ti、Zr的MOFs在水、酸、碱等复杂环境中稳定性优异,适用于处理复杂环境下的油水混合物。将MOFs与膜材料结合制备复合膜,不仅可增强分离膜的选择性与通量,还能显著增强其抗污染和耐腐蚀等性能[15]

2 油水分离膜的分类

油水分离膜可根据特性和应用场景分类 (图1),按照表面亲水亲油性分为疏水亲油膜、亲水疏油膜及双面功能差异化的Janus膜。

2.1 疏水亲油膜

疏水亲油膜的核心是超疏水超亲油特性,材料表面具有高度的疏水性与亲油性。在掺杂MOFs的油水分离膜中,通常采用具有亲油性的MOFs (如ZIF-8) 对膜进行改性,使其具有亲油性。同时,超疏水特性使水滴在膜表面自由流动,从而达到自清洁的功效。例如,Liang等[16]设计了类荷叶纤维涂层,通过表面分层结构减轻聚偏氟乙烯纳米纤维膜的污染;该类膜可实现油相快速渗透,更适用于处理非乳化的油水混合物,但分离纯度较低,且膜孔易被油相污染,导致膜性能下降。

2.2 亲水疏油膜

该类膜表现为超亲水超疏油特性:超亲水表面水接触角 (WCA) 极低,水滴接触后会迅速扩展并完全润湿表面,而非保持球形,此特性使该类膜能快速吸收水分;超疏油表面对油具有较强的疏离能力,油滴接触后会迅速形成球状,几乎不黏附表面,从而实现油水分离和油污防护。该类膜可高效处理油水乳液,分离效率较高;其亲水特性有助于在表面形成水层,有效缓解油污染问题,但也会导致其易受复杂水体环境侵袭,从而缩短膜的使用寿命。

2.3 Janus

Janus膜是指膜两侧形貌结构或化学组成具有明显不对称性的膜材料[17],其不同表面可分别实现斥水和斥油,如图1(b)(c) 所示。这种独特结构使其性能优于均相膜,凭借优异的分离效果与两侧差异化特性,可应对复杂的实际环境,在油/水分离中被证实有效[18]。与常见的不对称结构不同,Janus膜的核心特征是膜两侧具有相反的特性,可选择性吸附或阻挡两种不同的物质,目前已广泛应用于染料分离[19]、淡水分离[20]等领域,在油水分离领域也有一定发展。总体而言,Janus膜作为一种特殊的膜形式,在处理成分复杂且存在交互作用的液体时具有明显优势,但制备工艺复杂,膜的稳定性难以保障,因此需进一步研究与优化。

3 MOFs基油水分离膜的制备方法

MOFs基油水分离膜主要由功能材料和基底材料两部分组成。功能材料是指具有不同性能的各种MOFs;基底材料作为光催化和光热材料的支撑结构,通常包含聚合物和无机基质。这些基质材料的作用是将功能材料固定于膜中或表面,并为其在各种场景下的应用提供支撑与稳定性。与聚合物基材相比,陶瓷膜等无机基材表现出更强的耐化学性和耐热性,但制造工艺更复杂、成本更高。常见的MOFs基油水分离膜制备方法有共混法、真空过滤法、喷涂法和原位生长法。

3.1 共混法

共混法是制备分离膜的常用方法之一,与其他方法相比,具有操作简单、无须复杂设备、成本低廉、材料选用灵活等优点[21]。传统工艺包括3个步骤:首先,将基底聚合物与MOFs材料投入适宜的溶剂中制备混合液;其次,通过刮刀或静电纺丝将混合液薄涂于载体表面;最后,混合液经相分离过程形成混合基质膜。对电纺膜进行后处理或固化,以增强其力学性能与耐久性。Xie等[22]将NM88B混入聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 原液,并采用非溶剂诱导相分离 (NIPS) 法制备复合膜;结果显示,当NM88B的质量分数从0.1%提升至1.0%时,膜的WCA从84.2°降至62.3°,表明NM88B负载于聚合物基质可显著增强膜的亲水性。虽然共混法简单方便,但仍存在明显不足:功能材料通常分布于整个膜中,位于膜内部的MOFs难以发挥作用,导致其利用率较低。

3.2 真空过滤法

真空过滤法通过真空泵在基底两侧产生液压差,使含功能材料的悬浮液在压力驱动下透过基底,进而使功能材料沉积于基底表面[23]。该方法制备的膜均匀性良好,可实现沉积层的均匀分布,确保膜性能的一致性与稳定性。Xiang等[24]将氧化石墨 (GO) 和UiO-66-NH2粒子引入聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 分散体,然后通过真空过滤将PVA/GO@MOF混合物截留于PVDF基底膜,膜表面粗糙度从146 nm增至344 nm;表面粗糙度的增加可有效增强材料的水下疏油性能。

3.3 喷涂法

喷涂法是一种将含功能材料的雾化溶液喷涂于基材表面以组装薄涂层的技术,具有操作快速、直接的特点,适用用于大表面涂覆,在工业生产中应用潜力显著[25~28]。通过调节速度、距离、压力、持续时间等喷涂参数,可精确控制涂层的厚度与功能材料的均匀性[29];同时,该方法还能对出现机械损伤的材料进行修复[30]。喷涂法的主要优点为工艺简单、可大面积涂覆,但该方法在喷涂过程中会导致MOFs材料大量损失,且使用的挥发性有机溶剂可能引发环境污染问题[31]

3.4 原位生长法

原位生长法是使功能性MOFs材料直接在现有基底表面生长的技术,通常需调控温度、压力和前体溶液浓度等条件,以调节膜表面的微结构形态。该方法具有操作简单、可在复杂环境中合成等优点,其适用的基材需具有高耐化学性和耐热性,如不锈钢网 (SSM)、碳基材料 (CM)、陶瓷膜等。Ma等[32]引入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 (PVP) 作为自牺牲模板,通过在聚丙烯腈 (PAN) 基底上水热生长ZIF-8,成功合成多孔ZIF-8@PAN膜。水热生长工艺不仅能防止颗粒脱离,还可增加功能材料与污染物的接触面积,从而避免二次污染。

需要注意,制备MOFs基油水分离材料需确保MOFs与基底材料的润湿性相匹配,以实现更优异的分离效果。例如,当选择ZIF-8等亲油性MOFs材料时,基底材料也尽量选择亲油性材料,通过协同作用增加材料的粗糙度,提高其疏水或疏油性能[33]。表面粗糙度虽然提高了油分离效率,但会降低复合膜的最大渗透通量。

4 提高油水分离膜性能的常用手段

在复杂的油水分离环境中,普通油水分离膜易受污染物和外部作用力影响,导致使用寿命大幅缩短。通过赋予膜催化、抗菌等性能,可有效提高其耐久性。

4.1 光催化降解性能

引入具有光催化性能的MOFs制备复合膜,不仅能保障高效的油水分离能力,还能抑制污染物在膜表面累积,显著延长膜的使用寿命,同时兼具降解溶液中有害污染物的功能。赋予复合膜光催化性能的手段多样,通常选用本身具有光催化性能MOFs材料,如部分MIL系列和ZIF系列的MOFs等[34]

ZIF系列MOFs凭借高比表面积、适宜的禁带宽度、优异的电荷分离性及稳定的结构,在光催化油水分离膜中展现出独特优势,为实现高效油水分离及污染物降解提供了有力保障。Kaid等[35]的研究表明,ZNC/rGO复合材料具有较大的比表面积和2.8 eV的适宜禁带宽度,光生电荷稳定性高,是降解亚甲基蓝 (MB) 染料的优良光催化剂。Ge等[36]通过ZIF-8和BiOBr构建异质结,将其负载于基底材料制备复合膜。图2为利用异质结降解罗丹明B (RhB) 染料的机理示意。得益于光生电子-空穴对的有效分离和含氧活性物质的存在,负载BiOBr/ZIF-8的复合膜材料在可见光下表现出显著增强的光催化性能。

MIL系列MOFs凭借优异的稳定性、可控的孔隙结构、良好的光吸收性能及易调控性,成为光催化降解污染物及水处理等领域中极具应用潜力的材料。Xue等[38]制备的卟啉Zr-MOFs (PCN-224/TA/PVDF) 复合膜,可有效分离水中多种代表性的水不溶性乳化油,分离效率超过99%,且通量较高,为829 ~ 1542 L/(m2·h·bar);此外,该复合膜可通过吸附和光催化协同机制去除水溶性有机染料,既能在动态水中主动吸附染料,又能在可见光驱动下光催化降解静态水中的染料。

当通过技术手段赋予油水分离膜光催化降解功能时,催化与分离的协同作用可实现更彻底的水体净化,同时有效处理膜表面的污染问题。表1列举了部分具有光催化性能的油水分离膜。

4.2 复合膜抗菌性能

在油水分离膜的实际应用中,抗菌性能是保障其长期稳定性和重复使用性的关键。复杂的水体环境中存在大量细菌,这些细菌易在分离膜表面黏附繁殖并形成细菌生物被膜,不仅会降低膜的分离性能,还会削弱其循环使用能力。目前,基于不同抗菌机理的研究主要围绕以下3个方面。

(1) 金属离子直接抗菌作用。部分MOFs材料本身具备抗菌活性,其中典型代表为含Zn2+的ZIF-8。这类材料释放的Zn2+能与细菌细胞膜蛋白直接作用,破坏细胞膜结构或脂质层,导致细胞内容物流失,从而杀灭细菌。除了Zn2+,部分研究还通过引入Ag+进一步增强抗菌效果,例如Abdi等[37]、Zhang等[44]制备的ZIF-8+Ag复合体系便展示出优异的抗菌性能。如图3(A) 所示,培养皿中可观察到明显的抑菌区域,证明Ag+的引入显著提升了材料的抗菌性能。图3(B) 为Ag+改性ZIF-8的过程示意。需要注意,金属离子虽然能有效提升抗菌性能,但可能引发环境污染问题,因此在实际应用中需平衡其抗菌性能与生态安全性。

(2) 光催化产生活性氧 (ROS) 机制。在光激发条件下,ZIF-8等MOFs材料可发生从配体到金属的电子转移,生成具有顺磁性的Zn2⁺中心。这些Zn2⁺中心可有效激活环境中的氧分子,生成具有杀菌活性的ROS,其机理如图3(C)。ROS不仅能破坏细菌的细胞壁和细胞膜,还能氧化细胞内部的重要生物分子,从而实现高效抗菌[45];同时,该方法对环境的影响更小。

(3) 辅助抗菌涂层设计。为进一步提升抗菌效果,可通过设计特殊的抗菌涂层实现协同作用。例如,ZIF-8与谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 结合形成的抗菌涂层,可利用GSH清除自由基和有害物质,从而在保护细胞的同时发挥抗菌作用[39]。此外,在基底材料表面原位生长ZIF-8纳米晶体后涂覆聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS),这种复合设计不仅依赖Zn2⁺于2-甲基咪唑的直接抗菌作用,还可通过改变表面结构减少细菌附着,实现长效抗菌[46],其抗菌性能如图3(d) 所示。

4.3 复合膜其他性能

4.3.1 抗紫外老化性能

在实际应用中,油水分离膜常暴露于太阳光等具有紫外光的环境中,紫外光可能导致MOFs结构降解,影响分离效果。将具有防紫外线功能的MOFs引入基底材料,可显著提升膜的抗紫外线性能[47]。Yin等[48]制备的超疏水材料,利用聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 中高键能的C—F键,有效抵抗紫外光降解,增强紫外稳定性。此外,氧化锌 (ZnO) 作为一种有效的紫外线吸收剂[49],对UVA和UVB波段的紫外线具有良好的吸收与散射能力,可有效保护材料免受紫外线损伤。

4.3.2 阻燃性能

在材料阻燃性能提升方面,选择合适的基底材料至关重要。例如,以阻燃海绵为基底,可有效增强复合材料的阻燃特性,其阻燃机理如图4所示。此外,还可通过多种策略优化阻燃性能:(1) 改变泡沫的内部结构,制备具有高防火安全性和吸附能力的材料;(2) 引入阻燃剂,如三聚氰胺海绵、SFRM-PUS等具有优异阻燃性能的材料;(3) 将纳米颗粒与聚合物复合制备阻燃复合材料[50~52]。例如,OPA-UiO-66@MF中的磷元素可提升材料的阻燃性能:一方面,燃烧时会形成致密的炭层隔绝氧气和热量[53];另一方面,产生的含磷自由基可捕获燃烧过程中的外部自由基,从而延缓燃烧反应。综上所述,通过选择合适的基底材料、引入阻燃剂、掺杂具有阻燃特性的MOFs材料、构建阻燃层及纳米颗粒复合等方法,可有效提升材料的阻燃性能,为相关研究与应用提供多种策略。

在油水分离膜材料的研究制备过程中,产物常展现出超出预期的性能。例如,Ye等[55]制备的负载UiO-66-NH2的油水分离膜,具有细菌分离能力;Li等[56]的研究中,ZIF-8嵌入聚醚砜 (PES@ZIF8) 纤维层和聚磺胺/聚醚砜 (PSA/PES) 纤维层形成的复合膜,不仅可有效分离油水混合物和油水乳液,还具有优异的PM0.3净化能力,净化效率接近99.95%;Chen等[57]研发的Janus木基油水分离膜,兼具集雾功能 气体过滤功能[58]。这类研究不断扩展膜材料的应用边界,表2列举了其他从不同方面优化油水分离材料的案例。

5 结论与展望

目前,MOFs基油水分离膜在材料设计与制备方法方面已取得显著进展。MOFs凭借高比表面积、可调控孔径及多样的表面化学性质,为油水分离膜的设计提供了全新思路。通过共混、真空过滤、喷涂及原位生长等制备方法,不仅实现了膜材料的结构优化,还赋予其光催化降解、抗菌、抗紫外老化和阻燃等多重功能,显著提升了油水分离效率和环境适应性。这些成果充分彰显了MOFs在改善传统油水分离技术方面的独特优势,为复杂水体中污染物的高效去除提供了可行的技术路径。尽管MOFs基油水分离膜已取得了令人瞩目的进展,但仍存在以下挑战:

(1) 在MOFs材料的合成与制备过程中,如何进一步增强其稳定性、提高成本效益,是亟待解决的问题;

(2) 在实际应用中,如何使膜材料适应成分复杂的油水体系、探索多功能协同效应、延长膜的使用寿命并降低维护成本,仍是需重点突破的方向。

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基金资助

华北理工大学医工一体化重点项目 (项目号ZD-YG202405)

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