To explore the dynamic changes in the impact of viruses on humans after vaccination, this paper constructed an SVIR infectious disease model that incorporated nonlinear saturation incidence and vaccination rates, introducing time delays τ to represent the incubation period of the virus under vaccine immunity. Using time delay as a variable, the paper applied characteristic equations and analytical methods to investigate the stability of the model at the positive equilibrium point, the conditions for Hopf bifurcation, and the characteristics of periodic solutions. The system is stable when the time delay is less than ; when it exceeds , the characteristic roots cross the imaginary axis, leading to periodic oscillations. Through MATLAB numerical simulations, parameters such as vaccine efficacy and incubation period duration were set, and dynamic curves of the population quantities in different compartments were plotted under various time delays, visually depicting the transition of the system from a steady state to periodic oscillation. The results show that when the time delay exceeds the critical value, the model exhibits significant periodic fluctuations, consistent with the theoretical derivation and validating the correctness of the Hopf bifurcation conditions.
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