The design of continuously variable-camber wings integrating SMA and flexible structures represented a crucial development direction for future morphing wings. To address complex flight environments and deformation requirements, wings should possess multi-camber deformation adjustment capabilities and precise control performance. A variable-camber wing structure was presented driven by a three-stage SMA wire actuator combined with modular flexible components, along with a multi-state deformation fuzzy control algorithm. First, by an open-loop test, the control logic was established based on minimum energy consumption and heating stages. Subsequently, a multi-stage fuzzy PID control algorithm was developed to handle SMA nonlinear driving characteristics and uncertain factors like load variations, ensuring precise deformation control across different camber states. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-state fuzzy control algorithm may effectively achieve precise deformation control under various variable curvature states. Compared with conventional PID control, the new control algorithm significantly reduces settling time, effectively improves both mean absolute errors and maximum overshoots, while maintaining good robustness.
精确的变形控制是实现多级SMA驱动变弯度机翼多状态变形的关键,直接影响其适应多工况飞行的能力。然而由于SMA本身具有较强的非线性和迟滞特性,因此很难建立精确的数学模型,实现其变形与驱动力的精确控制变得更加困难。为此,国内外学者在SMA精确控制方面开展了探索。NGUYEN等[13]采用逆模糊Preisach模型作为前馈补偿器,将其逆函数引入PID控制器,补偿 SMA 的非线性滞后,实验验证该系统可有效减小位置误差。VILLOSLADA等[14]将传统PID控制器与双线性补偿器相结合,提出一种控制精度较高的BPID控制器,并应用于SMA作动器中,但实验表明其功耗显著高于传统PID。任秉银等[15]设计了一种模糊PID控制系统,并对偏动式SMA驱动器的响应特性进行了仿真,结果表明该控制器可提高系统的响应速度。在SMA驱动变弯度机翼精确控制方面,吴梦等[16]利用SMA驱动机翼后缘,基本实现了在空载、地面等效载荷加载和风洞载荷动态加载时SMA驱动器的较精确控制。然而,单纯采用模糊控制方法存在后缘变弯度调节时间较长、控制效率不高的问题,同时它在稳态工况下的控制精度也有待进一步提高。
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