灌区苜蓿田间晾晒干燥速率与营养物质变化对主要环境因素的响应
杜建民 , 王占军 , 汪威 , 马雪鹏 , 李东宁 , 李吉祥
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (02) : 131 -142.
灌区苜蓿田间晾晒干燥速率与营养物质变化对主要环境因素的响应
Response of drying rate and nutrient content changes to the main environmental factors during alfalfa natural drying in irrigation areas
为解析田间晾晒苜蓿干燥速率变化和营养物质耗损过程,揭示影响苜蓿干草调制的主要环境因素。通过对引黄灌区不同收获茬次机械刈割压扁晾晒苜蓿的植株含水量及主要营养物质[粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、相对饲喂价值(RFV)]含量的定时采集,结合晾晒过程中田间气象要素与土壤水分含量的监测,分析苜蓿晾晒水分散失、营养物质变化过程,通过相关性分析,明确影响干燥速率、营养物质变化的主要环境因素。结果表明:1)苜蓿晾晒过程中,生理干燥阶段占晾晒历时的比例为19.80%~52.25%,随5-9月收获季节的延续生理干燥阶段历时占比逐步减小;全株的干燥速率介于茎和叶片之间,在生理干燥阶段干燥速率为:叶片>全株>茎,而在生化干燥阶段为:茎>全株>叶片,且生理干燥阶段茎、叶片及全株干燥速率分别是生化干燥阶段的1.79、7.69和3.43倍。2)营养物质CP、WSC、EE含量和RFV在晾晒始末、生理及生化干燥阶段均有下降,而Ash、NDF和ADF含量则为上升,且EE、RFV、WSC的损失以及Ash、NDF和ADF的增加主要发生在生理干燥阶段,其损失率和增幅占比分别为52.09%~75.00%和48.53%~62.94%,而CP的损失主要发生在生化干燥阶段,其损失率占比达71.18%~75.82%。3)环境因素对干燥速率的影响为:气温>太阳辐射强度>风速>空气相对湿度>0~10 cm土壤含水量,且气温、太阳辐射强度、风速是影响干燥速率的主效因子,均与干燥速率呈显著或极显著正相关关系;影响营养物质含量的主要环境因素为:气温、风速、空气相对湿度和0~10 cm土壤含水量。
This study comprehensively analyzed the dynamics of drying rate and nutrient content during natural drying of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in irrigated regions to better understand the key environmental factors influencing alfalfa hay drying. Meteorological and soil moisture data were collected and plant traits including water content, and major nutrient components (crude protein, CP; crude ash, Ash; ether extract, EE; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; water-soluble carbohydrate, WSC; and relative feeding value, RFV) were measured in alfalfa with flattened stems harvested using mechanical equipment, at different cutting dates. The processes of water loss and nutrient changes were analyzed, and key environmental factors affecting drying rate and nutrient dynamics were identified through correlation analysis. Furthermore, the study divided the natural drying process of alfalfa into physiological (from cutting of alfalfa to when the whole-plant moisture content decreased to approximately 40%) and biochemical (the whole-plant moisture content decreased from 40% to 18%) drying stages, and analyzed and compared these two stages respectively. The results showed that: 1) The physiological drying stage accounted for 19.80%-52.25% of the total natural drying process, with the proportion decreasing gradually as cutting dates from May to September were delayed. During the physiological drying stage, drying rates followed the order: leaves>whole plant>stems; in contrast, the biochemical drying stage exhibited the order: stems>whole plant>leaves. Drying rates of stems, leaves, and whole plants in the physiological drying stage were 1.79-, 7.69-, and 3.43-fold higher, respectively, than those in the biochemical drying stage. 2) Contents of CP, WSC, EE, and RFV decreased throughout the drying process (including the beginning and end of drying, for both physiological and biochemical drying stages), whereas Ash, NDF, and ADF contents increased. Losses of EE, RFV, WSC or gains of Ash, NDF, ADF occurred during the physiological stage, with loss rates ranging from 52.09%-75.00% and gain rates from 48.53%-62.94%. CP loss primarily occurred during the biochemical drying stage, accounting for 71.18%-75.82% of total loss. 3) During alfalfa drying, environmental factors influenced drying rate in the order: air temperature>solar radiation intensity>wind speed>air relative humidity>0-10 cm soil moisture. The key factors (air temperature, solar radiation intensity, and wind speed) showed significant (P<0.05) or highly significant (P<0.01) positive correlations with drying rate. Nutrient content in alfalfa hay was primarily affected by air temperature, wind speed, air relative humidity, and 0-10 cm soil moisture.
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