Uniaxial compressive strength of mine backfill is critical for stope stability. In response to the problem of low efficiency and long time consumption in traditional testing methods, an improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) incorporating chaotic mapping, adaptive weighting, and Levy flight was proposed. IWOA was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of an Elman neural network, and an IWOA-Elman prediction model was constructed. Based on backfill proportioning data from a mine, the model was trained and tested with mass fractions of cement, fly ash, and tailings as inputs and compressive strength as output. Comparative analysis with Elman, PSO-Elman, and WOA-Elman models demonstrates superior convergence of IWOA. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the IWOA-Elman model are 0.050 7 and 3.326 9, respectively, indicating higher accuracy. The model provides a valuable reference for backfill strength prediction and intelligent backfill design.
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