高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿过程中TiO2过度还原会严重影响高炉顺行.基于TiO2碳热还原热力学计算,并采用失重法探究温度、气氛及还原剂类型对TiO2碳热还原过程的影响.结果表明,固溶体Ti(C x,N y )的生成起始反应温度随着TiC摩尔分数的增加而升高;相同温度下,TiN在Ti(C x,N y )中的摩尔分数随N2分压增加而增大;相同反应时间内,TiO2的还原度随温度升高而增加;在Ar和N2气氛中,TiO2可与石墨发生碳热还原反应生成TiC及TiN,而在空气和CO2气氛中石墨会优先与空气中的O2及气氛中的CO2发生氧化反应;在所有还原剂中,TiO2与石墨的反应难度最大,提高入炉焦炭的石墨化程度可有效抑制高炉中TiO2的过度还原.
Abstract
Excessive reduction of TiO2 in the process of smelting vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite in the blast furnace has a great effect on the smooth operation of the blast furnace. Based on the thermodynamic calculation of the carbothermal reduction of TiO2, the effects of the temperature, atmosphere, and the type of reductant on the carbothermal reduction process of TiO2 were explored by the loss-in-weight method. The results indicate that the starting reaction temperature of Ti(C x,N y ) solid solution increases with the increase in the mole fraction of TiC. The mole fraction of TiN in Ti(C x,N y ) increases with the increase in the partial pressure of N2 at the same temperature. The reduction degree of TiO2 increases with the increase in temperature within the same reaction time. TiO2 can be reduced to produce TiC or TiN with graphite under the atmospheres of Ar or N2, while in the air and CO2 atmosphere, graphite will be oxidized with O2 and CO2. Of all the reductants, TiO2 has the greatest difficulty in undergoing carbothermal reduction with graphite. Increasing the graphitization degree of the coke in the blast furnace is conducive to inhibiting the excessive reduction of TiO2 in the blast furnace.
根据反应式(1)和反应式(2)的标准吉布斯自由能与温度的关系,可得其关系曲线如图1所示.由图可知,TiN形成的初始反应温度为1 469 K,TiC形成的初始反应温度为1 567 K.
由文献[18-20]可知,TiN和TiC在高炉中通常是以Ti(C,N)固溶体的形式存在的.因此现假设Ti(C,N)固溶体中含摩尔分数为x的TiC和摩尔分数为y的TiN,即Ti(C,N)的形式可以表示为Ti(C x,N y ),其中x+y=1.结合反应式(1)和反应式(2)可以得到Ti(C x,N y )的反应式为x倍式(1)与y倍式(2)之和,通过推导可以得出下式:
TiO2(s)+(3x+2y)C(s)+y/2N2(g)=
Ti(Cx,Ny)(s)+2CO(g),
∆G=x∆G+y∆G=x(527 400-336.56T)+
y(375 900-255.86T).
式(3)表示形成固溶体Ti(C x,N y )的反应式,∆G为Ti(C x,N y )的标准生成吉布斯自由能,J/mol;其中x+y=1,将y=1-x代入式(4)可得式(5):
∆G=151 500x+375 900-(80.7x+255.86)T.
基于式(5)计算了不同TiC摩尔分数的Ti(C x,N y )固溶体的标准生成吉布斯自由能,并据此绘制了其变化关系图,结果如图2所示.由图可知,随着Ti(C x,N y )固溶体中TiC摩尔分数的增加,其形成的初始反应温度升高.如图3所示,当TiC在Ti(C x,N y )固溶体中的摩尔分数从0增加到1时,Ti(C x,N y )固溶体形成的初始反应温度从1 469 K增加到1 567 K.国内小高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿解剖试验研究表明[21-22],TiN首先出现在温度为1 473 K左右的软熔带上部炉料边缘区域,随着炉料的下降,温度逐渐升高,TiC开始形成,并在滴落带区域TiC的质量分数迅速增加且远大于TiN的质量分数.因此,该热力学计算得到的Ti(C x,N y )固溶体形成的初始反应温度与实际生产中的结果一致.
在高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿的过程中不仅要考虑其初始形成的温度变化,还需要对Ti(C x,N y )中TiC与TiN之间的相互转化进行研究.具体反应式可根据反(1)和式(2)得到,如式(6)所示[23-27]:
结合式(6)~式(9)可以确定固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中TiC与TiN的组成.图4为N2的分压为101.325 kPa时固溶体Ti(C x,N y )组成随温度的变化.由图可知,随着温度的升高,固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中TiC的摩尔分数逐渐升高,TiN的摩尔分数逐渐降低.
为探究不同N2分压条件下固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中TiC和TiN的摩尔分数变化,分别对N2分压为10.133 kPa,101.325 kPa,202.650 kPa以及506.625 kPa时对应固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中TiC和TiN的摩尔分数随温度的变化进行计算,计算结果如图5所示.由图5可见,在同一温度条件下,随着N2分压的增大,TiN在固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中的摩尔分数逐渐增加,TiC在固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中的摩尔分数逐渐降低.因此,在高炉中降低N2的分压,升高炉温可以使TiC在固溶体Ti(C x,N y )中稳定存在,降低TiN在固溶体中的摩尔分数,甚至可以使TiN不在高炉内部形成.
ChenD S, SongB, WangL N, et al. Solid state reduction of Panzhihua titanomagnetite concentrates with pulverized coal[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2011, 24(8):864-869.
[2]
ZhangL, ZhangL N, WangM Y, et al. Precipitation selectivity of perovskite phase from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag under dynamic oxidation conditions[J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2007, 353(22/23):2214-2220.
[3]
PangZ D, JiangY Y, LingJ W, et al. Blast furnace ironmaking process with super high TiO2 in the slag: density and surface tension of the slag[J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 2022,29(6):1170-1178.
[4]
ValighazviniF, RashchiF, Khayyam NekoueiR. Recovery of titanium from blast furnace slag[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52(4):1723-1730.
[5]
YuanZ F, WangX Q, XuC, et al. A new process for comprehensive utilization of complex titania ore[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2006, 19(9):975-978.
[6]
SaitoN, HoriN, NakashimaK, et al. Viscosity of blast furnace type slags[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2003, 34(5):509-516.
[7]
ZhengH Y, ZhouS F, ZhangS, et al. Viscosity estimation of TiO2-bearing blast furnace slag with high Al2O3 at 1 500 oC[J]. Metals, 2023, 13(3):573.
[8]
ShankarA, GörnerupM, SeetharamanS, et al. Sulfide capacity of high alumina blast furnace slags[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2006, 37(6):941-947.
[9]
SohnI, WangW L, MatsuuraH, et al. Influence of TiO2 on the viscous behavior of calcium silicate melts containing 17 mass% Al2O3 and 10 mass% MgO[J]. ISIJ International, 2012, 52(1):158-160.
[10]
ZhengH Y, ZhouX R, HuX G, et al. Desulphurisation behaviour of blast furnace slag with high Al2O3 content at 1823 K[J]. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 2022,49(6):596-603.
[11]
GaoK, JiaoK X, ZhangJ L, et al. Dissection investigation of forming process of titanium compounds layer in the blast furnace hearth[J]. ISIJ International, 2020, 60(11): 2385-2391.
[12]
QiuG B, MaS W, DengQ Y, et al. Study on the formation of Ti(C,N) between blast furnace hot metal and slag bearing high TiO2 [J]. Metalurgia International, 2012, 17(4): 94-99.
[13]
NaritaK, MaekawaM, OnoyeT, et al. Formation of titanium compounds, so-called titanium bear, in the blast furnace hearth[J]. Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1977, 17(8):459-468.
[14]
ZhenY L, ZhangG H, ChouK C. Carbothermic reduction of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag[J]. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 2016, 35(3): 309-319.
ZhangJian-liang, JiaoKe-xin, LiuZheng-jian, et al. Comprehensive regulation technology for hearth protective layer of blast furnace longevity[J]. Iron and Steel, 2017, 52(12):1-7.
ZhaoYong-bin, ZhangJian-liang, NingXiao-jun, et al. Study on the formation of Ti(C,N) in low TiO2 content blast furnace slag[J]. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2014, 35(1):79-84.
GaoYun-ming, LiCi-ying, LiYa-wei, et al. Analysis of carbothermal reduction of TiO2 and extraction of titanium carbonitride from the blast furnace slag bearing titania[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2007, 30(1):5-9.
[21]
WangY Z, ZhangJ L, LiuZ J, et al. Carbothermic reduction reactions at the metal-slag interface in Ti-bearing slag from a blast furnace[J]. JOM, 2017, 69(11):2397-2403.
[22]
JiaoK X, ZhangJ L, HouQ F, et al. Analysis of the relationship between productivity and hearth wall temperature of a commercial blast furnace and model prediction[J]. Steel Research International, 2017,88(9): 1600475.
[23]
JiaoK X, ZhangJ L, LiuZ J, et al. Dissection investigation of Ti(C, N) behavior in blast furnace hearth during vanadium titano-magnetite smelting[J]. ISIJ International, 2017, 57(1): 48-54.
[24]
詹星.小高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿解剖研究[J].钢铁钒钛,1984, 5(2):3-15.
[25]
ZhanXing. Anatomical study on smelting vanadium-titanium magnetite in small blast furnace[J]. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 1984, 5(2):3-15.
ZhengChang-le, ShaoQiu-jun, ZhangJian-liang, et al. Influence of oxygen enrichment rate on reduction behavior of titanomagnetite pellets[J]. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science),2016, 37(2): 198-202, 212.
JiaoKe-xin, ZhangJian-liang, LiuZheng-jian, et al. Mineralogical phase and formation mechanism of titanium-bearing protective layers in a blast furnace hearth[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2019, 41(2):190-198.
JiaoKe-xin, ZhangJian-liang, ZuoHai-bin, et al. Composition and formation mechanism of viscous layers in blast furnace hearth[J]. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2014, 35(7):987-991.
[32]
WadaH, PehlkeR D. Nitrogen solubility and nitride formation in austenitic Fe-Ti alloys[J]. Metallurgical Transactions B, 1985, 16(4): 815-822.
[33]
OzturkB, FruehanR J. Thermodynamics of inclusion formation in Fe-Ti-C-N alloys[J]. Metallurgical Transactions B, 1990, 21(5): 879-884.
[34]
LiY, LiY Q, FruehanR J. Formation of titanium carbonitride from hot metal[J]. ISIJ International, 2001,41(12):1417-1422.
[35]
XiangD W, ShenF M, JiangX, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics of industrial lignin for use as a reductant and an energy source for future iron making[J]. ACS Omega, 2021,6(5): 3578-3586.
[36]
LyuT T, HuT, TianF. Hydrogen-enhanced carbothermal reduction for the synthesis of TiC from TiO2 [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1039: 183002.
[37]
TangS Y, SongG Q, GuoJ J, et al. Oxidation behavior of TiC and TiCN and their potential photocatalytic activity in semi-oxidized state[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2025,7(16): 5031-5041.
[38]
ChenM, ChenB X, JiangY, et al. Study of Ti(C,N) formations in TiO2-containing slags[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2025, 56(1): 1018-1028.
[39]
SuiJ H, YangS T, WangQ, et al. Influence of blast furnace burden with different TiO2 contents on the process of reduction and slag formation in cohesive zone[J]. ISIJ International, 2025,65(4): 521-532.
[40]
ZhangS S, ZhangJ L, WangZ Y, et al. Advancements in oxygen blast furnace technology and its application in the smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite: a comprehensive review[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2024, 212: 108732.
[41]
HuangY, ZhangZ D, TangJ, et al. Mathematical simulation on smelting vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite by oxygen blast furnace[J]. ISIJ International, 2025,65(11): 1690-1700.
[42]
ChenB X, ChenM, ZhangK X, et al. Metallurgical properties of vanadium titanomagnetite sinter in the cohesive zone of H2-rich oxygen blast furnace[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2025: 1-12.
[43]
QuY X, XingL, GaoM L, et al. Progress and prospects for titanium extraction from titanium-bearing blast furnace slag[J]. Materials, 2024, 17(24): 6291.
[44]
ZhengK, WangW, HuangT, et al. Influence of temperature and slag composition on wetting behavior of titanium-containing blast furnace slag and tuyere coke[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2025,32(10): 3298-3307.