In the semiconductor fabrication equipment, the coatings on aluminum alloy often fail due to the coupling effect of high-temperature, vacuum and aggressive gases, including their plasma. In the chlorine-based plasma, the anodized coating has a high etching rate, leading to rapid removal, while the etching rate of Y2O3 coatings is approximately one in 50 of that of the anodized coating. In the fluorine-based plasma, both the anodized coating and Y2O3 coatings experience particle contamination due to the fluoride layer peeling. The corrosion resistance of the anodized coating can be significantly enhanced by adjusting the composition and temperature of the electrolyte or depositing a pure aluminum layer on the aluminum alloy surface. Additionally, improving the density of Y2O3 coatings can reduce their etching rate. Combining these strategies with remote plasma cleaning techniques can minimize the impact of charged particles on chamber materials, significantly reducing particle contamination in the reaction chamber. During the etching and thin film deposition processes, changes in the chamber surface composition can alter the plasma state, leading to various process defects.
CF4,C2F6,C4F8,NF3,SF6等气体广泛用于Si和石英的等离子体刻蚀[36-37]、刻蚀腔室中Si刻蚀副产物 (SiO x Cl y ) 的清洗[38]、等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)腔室表面沉积副产物 (SiO2,Si3N4) 的清洗[39].在氟基等离子体刻蚀过程中,腔室表面的阳极氧化涂层腐蚀速率较慢,但其与氟化物气体/氟自由基发生反应,形成难以气化的腐蚀产物层 (AlF x /AlOF)[18].图6a为洁净的阳极氧化涂层腔室,图6b为经历300 h生产后的阳极氧化涂层腔室,可见腔室内表面生成了大量的AlF x 腐蚀产物[17].随腐蚀产物层厚度增加,膜层内应力、膜层与腔壁界面处的应力逐渐增大,将导致部分腐蚀产物剥离形成颗粒并污染晶圆,因此需对腔室进行维护,以清除表面附着的AlF x 腐蚀产物层.
阳极氧化涂层中致密的阻挡层可有效阻挡等离子体,保护底部的铝合金基体,然而阻挡层的缺陷可能成为阳极氧化涂层失效的诱因.如图9所示,当腔室中的阳极氧化涂层自身存在缺陷或因热应力、粒子轰击开裂时,F自由基可穿过涂层与铝合金接触并发生反应.NF3等离子体刻蚀过程中阳极氧化涂层的失效过程如下:①经历多次升降温循环后,阳极氧化涂层表面形成大量裂纹 (图10a);②F自由基通过裂纹穿透阳极氧化涂层与铝合金基体接触,反应生成AlF x 腐蚀产物 (图10b);③随刻蚀过程持续进行,F自由基持续与铝合金发生反应,生成大量的AlF x 腐蚀产物堆积在涂层表面,形成较厚的腐蚀产物层 (图10c),此时需对腔室进行清理,以避免腐蚀产物剥离形成颗粒[17].
2.2 干法等离子体清洗阳极氧化涂层表面的氟化产物
由于氟基等离子体清洗腔室后,腔室侧壁、视窗镜及花洒等部件表面均被AlF x 覆盖,腔室仍然存在刻蚀偏移、膜层沉积不均、颗粒剥落及金属污染等问题,因此需对腔室进一步清洗,去除或减少腔室内的AlF x .为降低腔室部件的湿法化学清洗频率,众多设备厂商尝试使用干法等离子体定期清洗腔室.为减少氟基等离子体清洗过程中AlF x 腐蚀产物的生成,设备供应商尝试提高SF6等离子体清洗时的腔室压力,以降低带电粒子轰击腔室的能量.如图11所示,将SF6等离子体清洗时的腔室压力从2.66 Pa提高至11.31 Pa后,腔室表面的AlF x 累积速率并无明显变化,并且纯Cl2等离子体无法有效清洗AlF x (图11步骤(d)).Outka等[41]尝试使用含BCl3等离子体清洗腔室中的AlF x,为了保证在等离子体环境中BCl3不发生解离,以BCl3分子的形式与AlF x 发生化学反应,在清洗气体中加入了大量的Cl2/Ar,以抑制BCl3分子的解离.
如图12所示,首先利用SF6/O2等离子体(12.66 Pa, 800 W) 对试样进行处理,将表面形成AlF x 的试样暴露于BCl3/Ar等离子体中10,20,40 s.随BCl3/Ar等离子体处理时间延长,Al-F的占比明显减少,当时间延长至40 s时,Al-F完全消失,表明含BCl3等离子体可以有效刻蚀AlF x 膜层.然而,由于以下几个问题,含BCl3等离子体不适合用作阳极氧化涂层腔室及Al2O3视窗镜的清洗:①经BCl3/Ar等离子体处理后,试样表面出现了B2O3膜层,且膜层的厚度随等离子体处理时间延长而增大,因此在进行晶圆加工之前需除去腔室中的硼化物,若添加一道无氟等离子体清洗工序来除去腔室中的硼化物,将使腔室的清洗流程复杂化,同时增加了清洗腔室的成本;②BCl3气体易在腔室表面发生沉积,形成BCl x 膜层,使用时需添加Cl2/Ar等气体进行稀释,然而稀释后的含BCl3等离子体刻蚀速率相对较慢;③在金属铝刻蚀过程中,BCl3被用作去除铝表面的原生氧化铝膜层,因此,腔室侧壁的阳极氧化涂层和Al2O3视窗镜将被刻蚀[30,32,43].
如图13中的Al 2p数据所示,经SiCl4/Cl2等离子体 (1.33 Pa, 600 W)清洗20 s后,Al2O3试样表面覆盖的AlF x 被完全去除[42].与BCl3性质相似,纯SiCl4气体解离后形成的等离子体含有大量黏性的自由基及离子,使用纯SiCl4等离子体清洗腔室会在AlF x 表面生成SiCl x 膜层,而非刻蚀AlF x[44].因此,使用SiCl4清洗腔室同样需要添加Cl2稀释,当Cl2含量足够高时,腔室表面沉积的Si将与Cl结合形成SiCl2,SiCl4气体,有效阻碍SiCl x 膜层沉积,并促进AlF x 刻蚀.与BCl3不同的是,SiCl4刻蚀AlF x 后产生的腐蚀产物 (SiF4,AlCl3/Al2Cl6) 均极易气化,因而SiCl4/Cl2等离子体刻蚀AlF x 具有较高的速率.
图11d的实验结果表明,纯Cl2等离子体无法有效清洗AlF x,为验证SiCl4在清洗AlF x 过程中的作用,在腔室中放置了1片晶圆 (偏置射频功率120 W),纯Cl2等离子体刻蚀晶圆后将产生SiCl x,其效果与SiCl4/Cl2体积比为1∶4的混合气体相当.如图14步骤(c)所示,清洗15 s后,试样表面的AlF x 被完全去除,虽然清洗后试样表面生成了少量SiCl膜层,但其成分和厚度并不随清洗时间延长而变化(图14步骤(d)),因而可以保证晶圆加工过程中腔室环境的一致性.
1) 添加Ce离子对阳极氧化涂层性能的影响.使用硫酸(H2SO4)进行阳极氧化成本较低,且能够快速制备较厚的阳极氧化涂层,具有优异的物理性能.在硫酸中加入Ce离子进行阳极氧化,发现与Non-Ce阳极氧化相比,当添加3 mM Ce离子时,阳极氧化涂层的生长速率增加了约20%,且随着Ce4+离子浓度的增加,α-Al2O3的含量明显增加.如图18所示,添加3 mM Ce离子后,阳极氧化涂层释放的颗粒数大幅降低[52].
① 热浸镀.将材料或零件进行表面净化后,浸没到熔融铝液中,进而在表面形成冶金结合的铝镀层.此方法简单高效,但需在高温下进行,浸镀过程中,铝液易与保护气体中残存的氧气和水发生反应,在铝镀层和基体界面形成氧化铝颗粒,导致镀层产生缺陷,并且热浸镀制备的铝镀层表面厚度不均.
② 电镀.铝的标准电极电位为-1.67 V(相对标准氢电极),在水溶液中进行电镀时,电极表面在铝还原之前将发生析氢反应,因此电镀铝需要在非水电解质中进行,电镀铝使用的非水电解质主要包括以下3种:有机溶剂,无机熔融盐,离子液体.由于有机溶剂体系中的有机物挥发性强、易燃且有毒性,因此很快被无机熔融盐体系所替代.
与阳极氧化涂层、Al2O3陶瓷相比,钇基材料在等离子体环境中化学性质更加稳定、刻蚀速率更低,如在体积配比为85Cl2/80BCl3/40Ar的等离子体 (1.60 Pa,1 600 W) 中进行刻蚀速率测试,Y2O3/YAG的刻蚀速率约为0.035 μm/h,Al2O3的刻蚀速率为1.78 μm/h,两者的刻蚀速率相差约50倍,因此Y2O3被等离子体设备公司视为优异的腔室材料之一[18].与阳极氧化涂层、Al2O3陶瓷相似的是,在氟基等离子体中,Y2O3表面同样会生成YF x 腐蚀产物层,因而当Y2O3被用作腔室材料时,经氟基等离子体清洗/刻蚀后,同样存在因氟化产物层剥离导致的颗粒问题[60].图22为模拟硅晶圆刻蚀后,氟基等离子体干法清洗Y2O3涂层腔室的测试结果,SF6/O2等离子体可快速清洗掉Y2O3表面沉积的硅刻蚀副产物,但清洗80 s后可观察到表面生成了YF x 腐蚀产物层.图22步骤(c)和步骤(d)的测试结果中,SF6/O2等离子体清洗后,Y2O3表面不仅生成了YF x 腐蚀产物,还有大量的AlF x 腐蚀产物.这是由于测试设备陶瓷盖板成分为Al2O3,而腔室顶部等离子体密度较大,Al2O3陶瓷刻蚀速率较大,生成了大量AlF x 腐蚀产物,沉积到试样表面导致Y2O3试样表面被AlF x 覆盖[15].
在使用Cl2/O2等离子体刻蚀硅晶圆或沉积SiO2,Si3N4薄膜后,等离子体反应腔室表面将沉积一层SiO x Cl y / SiO2/Si3N4膜层,为避免膜层剥离形成颗粒,在加工若干片晶圆后,将使用氟基等离子体对反应腔室进行清洗,在除去SiO x Cl y / SiO2/Si3N4膜层的同时,腔室表面的阳极氧化铝/Y2O3涂层将与氟基等离子体反应,形成氟化物膜层,因此等离子体反应腔室在实际使用过程中,其表面成分的大致变化过程为:阳极氧化铝/Y2O3→SiO x Cl y / SiO2/Si3N4→AlF x /YF x (AlOF/YOF).
Cunge等[15,74-75]设置了4种表面状态的反应腔室,测量不同腔室表面状态下Cl2等离子体中Cl原子与Cl2分子的占比差异:①SiO x Cl y 涂层腔室,使用Cl2/O2等离子体刻蚀硅晶圆在腔室表面生成SiO x Cl y 涂层(图26(a)和图26(b));②AlF3涂层腔室,使用SF6等离子体清洗腔室生成AlF3涂层(图26(c)和图26(d)).图26(b)和图26(d)为Cl2等离子体刻蚀后,SiO x Cl y 涂层、AlF3涂层的化学成分,刻蚀后未发生变化表明测试过程中,反应腔室的表面状态不会发生变化.
当AlF3涂层腔室达到稳态时,Cl2分子的密度为1.19×1015个/cm3,Cl原子的密度为0.45×1015个/cm3.当SiO x Cl y 涂层腔室达到稳态时,Cl2分子的密度为0.3×1015个/cm3、Cl原子的密度为1.5×1015个/cm3.由于在AlF3涂层表面Cl原子复合系数远大于SiO x Cl y 涂层[10],SiO x Cl y 涂层腔室中Cl原子摩尔分数远高于AlF3涂层腔室,这导致了AlF3涂层腔室中多晶硅的刻蚀速率远低于SiO x Cl y 涂层腔室[76].
如上述结果所示,当反应腔室的表面状态发生变化时,腔室内Cl2等离子体的组成发生了明显的变化,并导致反应腔室中多晶硅刻蚀速率的改变,然而腔室中的AlF3涂层还会导致多晶硅的刻蚀偏移.如图27所示,AlF3涂层腔室中的硅晶圆刻蚀轮廓与SiO x Cl y 腔室中明显不同,出现了明显的钻刻,这是由于等离子体刻蚀过程中,AlF3涂层中释放的F原子可扩散至SiO x Cl y 膜层内部,并与其发生反应生成Cl原子,促进硅的各向同性刻蚀[15].
1) 阳极氧化涂层具有生产便捷、适用于不同尺寸和形状的部件、耐蚀性能好等优点,被广泛用作等离子体加工设备腔室部件的防护涂层.然而,在金属铝刻蚀过程中,由于BCl3和Al2O3可发生化学反应,且AlCl3极易气化,阳极氧化涂层会发生严重的腐蚀;在Si晶圆和石英的刻蚀过程中,阳极氧化涂层表面的腐蚀产物层 (AlF x /AlOF)难以气化,因而氟基等离子体对其的刻蚀速率较慢,但氟化产物层积累后易剥落形成颗粒,造成电路失效,降低芯片良品率.
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