1 800 MPa级以上高强钢的研究现状

易红亮 ,  赵明辉 ,  王睿婷 ,  马彦琦

东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (08) : 77 -92.

PDF (9805KB)
东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (08) : 77 -92. DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20250006
综述

1 800 MPa级以上高强钢的研究现状

作者信息 +

Current Status of Research on High-Strength Steel Above 1 800 MPa Grade

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (10039K)

摘要

高强钢因其性能优势与成本效益,在现代工业中占据重要地位.聚焦其发展趋势与技术挑战,重点分析低合金马氏体钢、淬火-配分(Q&P)马氏体钢和马氏体时效钢这3类抗拉强度超1 800 MPa、塑韧性优异的马氏体基结构钢.低合金马氏体钢经热处理后得到回火马氏体钢,通过调整合金成分和工艺实现强韧性平衡.淬火-配分马氏体钢含富碳奥氏体,变形时通过相变提升强度和塑性.马氏体时效钢碳含量极低,依赖时效析出强化,韧性优于同强度碳强化钢.系统总结了上述高强钢在成分设计、制造工艺以及力学性能等方面的研究进展.

Abstract

High-strength steel occupies an important position in modern industry because of its performance advantages and cost effectiveness. Focusing on its development trends and technical challenges, this paper mainly analyzed three types of martensitic steel with tensile strength exceeding 1 800 MPa and excellent plasticity and toughness, namely low-alloyed martensitic steel, quenching-partitioning (Q&P) martensitic steel, and martensitic aging steel. Low-alloyed martensitic steel was heated to obtain tempered martensitic steel, and the balance of strength and toughness was achieved by adjusting the alloying composition and process. Q&P martensitic steel contained carbon-rich austenite, which enhanced strength and plasticity through phase transformation during deformation. Martensitic aging steel with very low carbon content relied on aging for precipitation strengthening, and its toughness was superior to that of carbon-strengthened steel of the same strength. This paper systematically summarized the research progress in composition design, manufacturing process, and mechanical properties of the above-mentioned high-strength steel.

Graphical abstract

关键词

高强钢 / 低合金马氏体钢 / 热冲压钢 / 淬火-配分马氏体钢 / 马氏体时效钢

Key words

high-strength steel / low-alloyed martensitic steel / hot stamping steel / quenching-partitioning martensitic steel / martensitic aging steel

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
易红亮,赵明辉,王睿婷,马彦琦. 1 800 MPa级以上高强钢的研究现状[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 46(08): 77-92 DOI:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20250006

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

随着现代工业对结构材料性能要求的不断提升,高强钢的研发呈现出多元化发展趋势.高强钢以出色的力学性能被视为现代工业中关键的支撑材料.因其高强度、优良韧性以及高承载力,使其在交通制造行业用于船舶、飞机、卡车和汽车等的生产1;其具备高强度与高耐磨性,在工程机械领域被用于制造起重机的吊臂、装载机、挖掘机和液压支架等设备;凭借高强度和强抗震性,成为桥梁建设领域大型跨海、跨江、跨峡谷桥梁建设的优选材料;高强度与高耐蚀性使其适用于石油管线领域,用于制造油井管道、输油管道和储气罐设备等;而高抗弯强度、低重量的特性,则让高强钢在建筑结构领域用于大型结构中的梁、柱、悬吊物等建造.由于其具有很高的强度,高强钢在减轻自身重量的情况下仍具有更高的承载能力,所以在工业生产、军事、航空航天、冶金制造、采矿、汽车工业等领域得到了广泛的应用2-3.
根据强度特性,可将高强钢分为高强度钢与超高强度钢.当合金钢的屈服强度超过1 380 MPa4,或抗拉强度达到或超过1 470 MPa5时,即被归类为超高强度钢.根据合金化程度及显微组织特性,超高强度钢可分为低合金钢、中合金钢和高合金钢.其中,高合金超高强度钢还包含有马氏体时效钢和沉淀硬化不锈钢等多种类型.根据高强钢的应用领域与功能需求,还可将其分为传统高强钢与先进高强钢.本文聚焦于抗拉强度达1 800 MPa以上的超高强钢,并依据其成分体系进行了细致划分,主要有以下3类:低合金马氏体钢、淬火-配分马氏体钢和马氏体时效钢.
低合金马氏体钢自20世纪初开始发展,从在普通碳钢基础上添加少量合金元素起步,随着冶炼和轧制技术的不断进步,通过合金化技术和优化生产工艺,如添加Cr,Ni,Mo等元素并结合淬火加低温回火等工艺,逐渐形成了高硬度、强韧性、高耐磨性的材料特性.这一钢种在工程、矿山、水泥生产、农业、电力以及冶金等领域得到了广泛的应用6.随后,低合金超高强度钢如AISI4340,AISI4140等新型低合金马氏体钢的研发进一步丰富了其种类和应用范围,在需要承受高磨损和高冲击负荷的环境中表现出优异的性能,被用于航空航天关键件的制造7.20世纪末至21世纪初低合金马氏体钢的应用领域拓展至汽车、能源、建筑等行业.在未来的研发中,应更加注重提高其综合性能、降低成本和多功能性,以满足更广泛的应用需求.
淬火-配分的概念起源于2003年,由Speer等8首次提出,其核心理念是在全奥氏体化或部分奥氏体化的钢材中,快速冷却至马氏体相变开始温度和马氏体相变结束温度之间的某一温度,随后进行碳在马氏体与奥氏体之间的配分,碳原子从过饱和的淬火马氏体扩散到未转变的奥氏体中,使奥氏体富碳并提高其稳定性9.早期的研究工作主要集中于探索这一独特的热处理工艺机制,通过精确调控淬火与配分阶段碳元素的扩散与分布,旨在实现马氏体与残余奥氏体组织的理想配比和合适的奥氏体稳定性.随着材料科学的不断进步,淬火-配分马氏体钢的合金设计得到了持续优化,多种合金元素被精细调配,显著提升了钢的强度与韧性的平衡、成形性以及抗疲劳性能.淬火-配分马氏体钢在汽车行业率先得到应用,用于制造车身结构件和高强度零部件,有效推动汽车轻量化进程的同时保障安全性能.随着制备技术的持续创新,淬火-配分马氏体钢正朝着更高强度、更优综合性能以及更多样化功能特性的方向发展.
马氏体时效钢的发展历史可追溯到20世纪60年代初,由国际镍公司首先开发出来,通过在铁镍马氏体合金中加入不同含量的Co,Mo,Ti等元素,利用时效析出金属间化合物获得高强度钢材10.此后,该钢种经历了不断的研发和优化,强度级别不断提高,同时无钴马氏体时效钢的开发也取得了显著进展.如今,马氏体时效钢已广泛应用于航空航天、船舶制造、化工设备、模具制造等领域,成为高强钢中的典型代表.

1 低合金马氏体钢

低合金钢经马氏体相变实现超高强度,其核心机理在于奥氏体向马氏体的无扩散切变型相变.加热钢材至完全奥氏体化,保温一定时间后快速淬火至室温,制得马氏体组织为主的钢材,随后可根据需求进行退火或回火.马氏体钢的强度特性尤为突出,其强度水平堪称同类材料中最高,通常能够达到并超过1 800 MPa的高强度标准.凭借其卓越的力学性能,马氏体钢在实际工业生产中得到了极为广泛的应用,成为众多高强度需求领域的首选材料.

1.1 工程机械用马氏体钢

低合金高强钢的发展始于1934年,该概念的提出,通过合金化显著提升了钢材强度与耐腐蚀性7.20世纪中期,低合金高强钢、超高强度不锈钢等材料在军事领域快速崛起,广泛应用于潜艇、导弹及航空装备.美国在此阶段引领技术突破.1950年研发的AISI 4340钢成为首代代表钢种,1955年成功应用于飞机起落架11;1952年通过调整Si和V的含量开发出300M钢,用于航空传动部件12-13;随后优化C和V配比的AMS6434和D6AC钢进一步应用于导弹壳体等军事装备14.与此同时,我国自20世纪50年代起步,初期通过仿制俄系30CrMnSiNi2A及美系AISI 4340,300M等钢种奠定基础,逐步实现自主创新,研发出无Ni/Cr的35Si2Mn2MoVA钢及406系列特种钢.至20世纪80年代,我国通过对AISI 4340的改进,成功研制出高强韧685/686装甲钢及抗穿甲弹系数达1.3以上的695装甲钢,实现防护材料的重要突破6.进入21世纪,合金总质量分数低于5%、屈服强度超1 380 MPa的低合金超高强度钢成为主流,其应用领域向输油管道、汽车、船舶等民用方向扩展,形成军民融合的技术发展格局15.

在低合金高强度钢中,合金元素总质量分数被严格控制在不超过5%的范围内,同时,碳的质量分数则维持在0.2%~0.5%之间.低合金高强度钢的关键合金元素有Cr,Mn,Si,Ni,C,Mo等.Cr与Mn均属于合金钢中可提升淬透性的元素;Si元素能够抑制马氏体在回火时的软化现象以及回火过程中残余奥氏体的分解,从而提高回火抗力;Ni元素增强钢材的淬透性,同时能大幅降低韧脆转变温度,改善低温脆性并提升钢材的韧性;C元素的加入会在马氏体中引发间隙固溶强化,以此获取超高强度;Mo元素的主要作用是提高钢的淬透性、热强性、抗回火性.此外,低合金高强钢中还会添加V,Nb,Ti等元素,这些元素能够有效阻碍晶粒的生长,进而实现晶粒细化的效果.经国内外科研工作者几十年的研发,获得许多具有优异力学性能的低合金超高强度钢,国内外常见低合金超高强度钢的成分和力学性能如表1所示.

21世纪初,东北大学18等科研单位成功自主研发出新型无钴低合金超高强度钢G50,合金成分为0.28C-4.44Ni-0.96Cr-0.62Mo-0.73Mn-1.94Si-0.03Nb,经过860 ℃油淬和300 ℃回火后,可以达到1 810 MPa抗拉强度和12.5%的延伸率.该钢合金元素含量低,成分新颖,具有优异的强度和韧性,且成本低、性价比高、经济性好.该钢具有与含钴钢相当的高强韧性,但是成本不足其一半,成为相关工业高性能的新材料,得到广泛应用.

1.2 汽车用高强度热冲压钢

采用高强度钢板制造的车身不仅可以有效减轻车身质量,降低油耗,还可以提高汽车的安全性和舒适性,是同时实现车身轻量化和提高碰撞安全性的最佳途径.高强度钢薄板由于强度高、厚度小,采用传统的冷冲压成形工艺时,极易出现回弹变形、起皱开裂、尺寸精度差、成形抗力大和模具寿命低等问题.热冲压成形技术利用了材料高温状态下良好的成形性,可有效减少回弹,并能保证模具寿命,而成形淬火后的构件具有超高强度,同时价格合理,因此热冲压成形技术是实现汽车轻量化和安全性的先进成形技术.随着热成形材料及其技术的持续进步与成熟,热成形钢部件在汽车车身中的应用比例正逐年攀升19.

热冲压成形技术是目前工业领域内唯一能够制造出强度级别达到或超过1 500 MPa的车身构件的有效方法.热成形技术是先通过加热钢板,使其达到全奥氏体化温度以上获得全奥氏体组织,随后将高温钢板转移至模具中实现冲压成形,通过模具快速导热对成形后的构件进行淬火处理,得到超高硬度的马氏体组织.目前在热冲压成形中应用最广泛的是22MnB5钢,其热轧态组织为铁素体和珠光体,抗拉强度约为600 MPa,热冲压成形后组织为全马氏体,强度达1 500 MPa,总延伸率约为7%20.尽管22MnB5钢经过热冲压成形后强度可达1 500 MPa级别,但随着轻量化需求的日益提升,更多种类的超高强度钢被不断研发出来.因此,研发低成本且具备1 800 MPa级强度同时改善韧性的超高强度钢,仍是当前研究的重点.近年来,全球各国均加大了热冲压钢的研发、生产和应用力度,形成了丰富的产品系列.

热冲压钢典型合金元素为C,Mn,Cr,B,Si,Ti,Nb,Mo,V等.C作为高强钢的强化元素,其经济性与有效性尤为突出,它通过间隙固溶强化机制强化马氏体,从而提升钢材强度.Mn和Cr则显著增强了钢材的淬透性,使钢材在淬火过程中更易形成马氏体组织.B在提高钢材淬透性方面表现出极高的效率,在奥氏体化过程中偏析于奥氏体晶界,有效抑制铁素体在晶界的形核,进一步促进钢材的硬化.Si主要作为脱氧剂使用,同时抑制渗碳体的生成,并通过固溶强化作用提升钢材的强度.Ti的主要作用是固定N元素,保护B元素不被消耗,确保钢材性能的稳定性.Nb,Mo和V则是通过细化晶粒和强化组织结构的方式,显著提升钢材的韧性和强度21.

文献[22-27]聚焦于通过调整热冲压过程中的几个关键技术参数(例如:奥氏体化温度、奥氏体化时间以及冷却速度)来调控热冲压钢的微观结构与性能.适当的加热温度确保奥氏体充分形成且晶粒均匀,为马氏体转变打下良好基础,提升材料强度和综合性能.奥氏体化温度过高则晶粒粗大,力学性能下降.在达到奥氏体化温度条件下,延长奥氏体化的保温时间能有效促进碳原子的扩散过程,进而提升奥氏体的均匀性,使其抗拉强度得到增强.然而,如果保温时间过长,则可能导致马氏体组织粗化,反而引起材料强度的下降.快速冷却促进完全马氏体转变,提高强度和硬度,冷却足够快时获得高硬度、高韧性组织.郝亮等23通过提升奥氏体化温度、适度延长奥氏体化的时间,并结合加速淬火过程,实现了奥氏体晶粒的均匀分布以及马氏体组织的充分转化,从而确保了全马氏体组织的形成,获得2 061 MPa的抗拉强度和7%的延伸率.

部分学者致力于通过调整热冲压工艺中的初始组织结构,来精细调控热冲压钢的微观构造与性能特性.这些研究采用诸如温轧或多级轧制等先进的热机械处理方法28-33,旨在引入高密度的位错并细化晶粒结构,从而实现高强度与高韧性的优化组合.Sun等28通过一系列热机械处理工艺,如锻造、热轧、温轧和退火等,将晶粒尺寸细化至约4 μm,晶粒细化导致马氏体从传统的孪晶结构转变为位错结构,而位错结构使得马氏体具有高韧性和高强度,将原本脆性的低合金高碳马氏体钢(微观结构为孪晶马氏体)转变为具有超高强度和显著韧性的低合金马氏体钢(微观结构为位错马氏体),这种转变使热冲压钢在保持高强度的同时,显著提高了韧性和延展性,获得了2 400 MPa的超高抗拉强度、10%的伸长率.

在热冲压工艺之后进行不同温度和时间的回火处理34-36.将经过热冲压的钢件加热到一定温度(通常低于热冲压时的温度),并保持一段时间,然后以适当的速率冷却.这一过程有助于消除或减少热冲压过程中产生的内应力,使材料获得更加均匀的微观组织,提高其塑性和韧性,同时保持一定的强度水平.于林然等35通过添加Si,Mo等元素抑制钢的回火脆性,在热冲压后对实验钢进行不同温度和不同时间的回火,实验钢的显微组织主要为板条马氏体和ε-碳化物.随着回火温度的升高,ε-碳化物的数量增加,尺寸变大,形状从细小针状变为短棒状.回火温度的升高导致ε-碳化物的析出量增加,提高了析出强化效果,使屈服强度升高.同时,位错密度随回火温度的升高而降低,导致抗拉强度下降.确定了该实验钢最优强韧性匹配的热处理工艺,获得了2 100 MPa抗拉强度.

表2详细列出了上述热冲压钢的化学成分和力学性能.

文献[37-38]基于传统22MnB5热成形钢的合金成分,通过V微合金化的技术,添加质量分数为0.11%~0.3%的V元素,以及0.3%以上的C,开发出了2 000 MPa级纳米析出高强高韧钢34MnB5V.该钢种在热冲压成形钢的马氏体基体组织内引入大量纳米级的VC析出物,从而在获得2 000 MPa强度的同时保持了与常规1 500 MPa热冲压钢22MnB5相当的延伸率和断裂应变.图1a和图1b为22MnB5和34MnB5V钢热冲压淬火并模拟涂装(170 ℃,20 min)回火后的工程应力-应变曲线(JIS5标准试样)和三点弯曲载荷-角度曲线.34MnB5V抗拉强度为1 971 MPa,屈服强度为1 558 MPa,总延伸率为8.3%,最大载荷下的三点弯曲角度为64°.如图1c和图1d所示,经透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察,淬火后34MnB5V的组织为板条马氏体,并且马氏体板条内弥散分布着大量5~20 nm的VC析出粒子.该钢种的性能提高主要通过钒微合金化的细化晶粒作用,同时通过弥散析出纳米尺寸VC,从而降低马氏体基体的C含量,改善了材料韧性.通过马氏体强化、晶粒细化、纳米VC析出复合强化实现强度突破2 000 MPa.目前基于该理念的1 800~2 000 MPa级热冲压钢已在多家车企实现规模应用,显著提高了汽车的碰撞安全性和轻量化水平.

2 淬火-配分马氏体钢

对于延伸率要求较高的高强钢来说,以体心立方马氏体相为主要组织进行力学性能设计是难以实现的.研究表明,一定体积的稳定奥氏体能够通过形变诱导马氏体相变显著提高具有双相组织钢的强度和延伸率39-42,这一发现为开发具有优异综合性能的淬火-配分(Q&P)钢提供了理论依据.2003年,Speer等8首次提出了淬火-配分热处理工艺,其常规工艺流程如图2所示43,通过淬火温度(QT)调节马氏体(α')和残余奥氏体(γ)的体积分数,并合理设计配分温度与保温时间,促进碳元素在奥氏体中的富集44,得到了室温(RT)下稳定残余奥氏体与马氏体的复合组织,显著提升了钢材的力学性能,该技术为先进高强钢的研发开辟了全新的研究方向.

文献[45-47]基于传统相变诱导塑性(TRIP)钢的成分体系(CSiMn系),对常规Q&P工艺展开探索,典型合金的主要成分包括0.1~0.3% C,0.5~3.0% Mn,0.5~2.0% Si或Al.C和Mn元素的适量添加能够增加残余奥氏体的体积分数,从而改善Q&P钢的力学性能48-49.Si的引入有助于抑制碳化物析出,并促进碳在配分阶段的充分扩散4450.为改善钢板表面质量,部分研究采用Al部分替代Si,尽管Al的添加能够抑制渗碳体的形成,但在高温下可能诱导不可逆的δ-铁素体生成,从而对残余奥氏体含量产生不利影响51-52.

早期的Q&P钢研究中,抗拉强度普遍低于1 500 MPa,尚不足以满足高强钢的性能需求.近年来,有关Q&P钢成分与工艺改进的研究不断深入,通过改变成分、改进工艺、将淬火和配分工艺运用到中锰钢中等方法,已使Q&P钢的抗拉强度达到1 800 MPa以上,且延伸率超过10%,得到了良好的强塑性匹配,按照成分及其工艺原理主要分为高碳低合金Q&P钢、淬火-配分-回火(Q-P-T)钢和中锰Q&P钢.

2.1 高碳低合金Q&P钢

部分研究将Q&P工艺应用到低合金高强钢中,通过将C的质量分数提高至0.4%及以上,并添加Si,Cr,Ni等合金元素,以增强固溶强化效应,从而显著提高马氏体的强度,同时加入Nb,Mo等元素细化晶粒,在常规Q&P处理后材料就能够达到较高的强度53-55,具体数据见表3.在保持其他合金元素含量一定的情况下,随着C含量的增加,钢材强度有所上升,但延伸率下降55,因此,精确调控各合金元素含量,对于实现综合性能的优化至关重要.

文献[37]提出了淬火-闪配分(Q&FP)概念,通过降低Mn元素含量提高马氏体相变开始温度Ms并添加Si元素抑制碳化物析出,在模具淬火马氏体相变过程中,减少高温析出的马氏体自回火碳化物,使过饱和的C原子配分至相邻的未转变奥氏体中,从而提高残余奥氏体含量及其稳定性,抗拉强度可达1 900 MPa,延伸率约10%.

2.2 Q-P-T钢

Hsu等56在传统Q&P工艺基础上引入了沉淀硬化的步骤,开发出了淬火-配分-回火(Q-P-T)工艺.通过添加微量的Nb,V,Ti和Mo等元素,在马氏体基体中析出纳米级微合金化碳化物,来提高钢材性能.首先,碳化物的析出可钉扎晶界,促进晶粒细化;其次,与Q&P工艺限制碳化物析出不同,Q-P-T增加的回火过程充分利用了微合金元素形成碳化物的析出强化作用;此外,强碳化物形成元素的存在还抑制了渗碳体的形成,使碳充分配分到奥氏体,提高相变驱动力57-59.由于该工艺通常用于处理碳的质量分数低于0.5%的钢,以避免因渗碳体形成引发的淬火和回火脆性60,因此,采用该工艺处理的钢材的抗拉强度普遍未能达到1 800 MPa.Wang等61通过在高碳钢中实施回火处理,有效促进了碳化物的析出,并利用残余奥氏体中的位错吸收机制,进而实现了马氏体的软化,获得了1 800 MPa抗拉强度的同时达到28%的延伸率.1 800 MPa级别及以上Q-P-T钢的成分、工艺及力学性能具体数据如表4所示.

2.3 中锰Q&P钢

由于常规Q&P以及Q-P-T工艺的淬火温度在实际生产中难以精确控制,且额外的配分过程会增加工艺成本,文献[62]提出了分离淬火-配分工艺(split-Q&P)的概念,通过合金成分的设计可以将钢的马氏体相变终了温度Mf降低到室温(RT)以下,淬火到室温以下也能保留一定比例的奥氏体组织,分离了淬火和配分工艺,从而显著优化了工业生产流程和科学研究的稳定性,工艺流程如图3所示.同时,淬火至室温还能提高马氏体含碳量,有效增加钢材强度46.

中锰钢具有淬火到室温再进行配分工艺的理想成分,文献[63]在split-Q&P理念的基础上,结合界面迁移理论,基于中锰钢提出了一种通过低温回火工艺增加奥氏体分数的新策略.将材料分别淬火到室温(W-Q),组织见图4a,以及浸入液氮10 min(L-Q)以减少残余奥氏体,后续300 ℃回火(分别命名为W-QT&P300和L-QT&P300)过程中碳的配分伴随着奥氏体向马氏体的界面迁移,导致奥氏体体积分数的增加,同时奥氏体中含碳量显著增加,变化趋势见图4b.W-QT&P300试样含有较高含量且稳定性适中的残余奥氏体,在塑性变形时,一部分转变为高碳马氏体,提高强度至1 800 MPa;另一部分通过晶界滑动,显著增加了材料的延伸率,其延伸率达16%.而L-QT&P300试样奥氏体含量较低且过于稳定,虽然提高了强度,但总体延伸率较差,如图4c所示.

现有研究表明,通过在室温淬火和配分(RT-Q&P)工艺中添加质量分数为7%以上的Mn元素,能够使稳定奥氏体的体积分数达到20%以上64-65,奥氏体在变形过程中转变为细小马氏体从而提高强度,抗拉强度可以达到1 800 MPa级别66.Gu等67的研究则采用仅含质量分数4% Mn的中锰钢,结合微观组织异质性设计,在室温下也能获得体积分数约20%的稳定奥氏体,从而确保10%以上的延伸率.并通过进一步添加较高含量的Si元素,发挥其固溶强化作用,使得抗拉强度提升至1 900 MPa.

虽然上述研究中制备的材料具有较高的强度,但其总延伸率通常低于15%,这主要是由于奥氏体在应变初期即发生了相变,使后续的相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应不足以有效协调应变,从而引发断裂.文献[68]将汽车车身装配中的烤漆工艺与碳配分回火过程相结合,提出了烘烤-配分(B-P)工艺.根据计算,在170 ℃,20 min的车身烘烤工艺下,碳在奥氏体中最大扩散距离为2.7 nm,因此,设计了一种由马氏体与厚度约5 nm的奥氏体薄膜组成的双相组织,以确保碳充分配分并获得稳定的残余奥氏体.为实现上述组织,合金成分中通过添加质量分数为7%以上的Mn扩展奥氏体相区,降低奥氏体化温度;同时加入适量V元素形成纳米碳化钒的析出,起到钉扎作用,共同抑制奥氏体晶粒长大,从而获得微米级原奥氏体晶粒,保证淬火得到板条马氏体及板条间的纳米级别奥氏体组织,组织形貌如图5a和图5b所示,其中B表示电子束方向.该钢种通过晶粒细化和高稳定性薄膜状奥氏体的TRIP效应相结合,不仅达到了1 800 MPa级别的抗拉强度还实现了16%的延伸率,如图5c所示.

为了在增加强度的基础上进一步提高延伸率,需要通过更加精细的组织调控,除了继续控制TRIP效应的逐步释放外,还应有效调节马氏体的塑性应变.文献[69-70]提出了通过冷轧和低温回火实现应变协调的变形-配分(D&P)工艺,对中锰钢依次进行温轧、奥氏体-铁素体临界区退火和冷轧,以得到整体高位错密度的亚稳奥氏体-马氏体异质片层双相组织,如图6a所示.高密度位错提高强度的同时,大量可动位错在马氏体基体中的滑移增强了塑性,奥氏体中较高的位错密度则作为相变的阻碍,稳定粗大的层状奥氏体晶粒,延缓了TRIP效应的释放.在随后的400 ℃回火过程中,碳从马氏体配分到奥氏体,进一步增加奥氏体的稳定性,得到2 000 MPa以上的强度和22.5%延伸率的良好匹配,如图6b和图6c所示.

Li等71通过锻造工艺在中锰钢中得到了层间具有界面特征的棱柱形母相奥氏体组织和较多的高分散纳米析出相,结合后续深冷与回火处理,获得了两种排列角度的拓扑有序层状马氏体和多尺度亚稳奥氏体组织,如图7a~图7d所示.其中,块状奥氏体可以在变形初期和中期发生马氏体转变,薄膜状的残余奥氏体层则在高应力应变水平下转变,这种渐进和充分的TRIP效应有效提高了材料的强度和塑性.此外,不同于常规钢无序排列的几何取向结构,马氏体拓扑结构设计在变形过程中可以诱发板条界面位错滑移与界面塑性,实现了超过2 200 MPa抗拉强度和25%延伸率,如图7e所示,为Q&P钢性能的优化提供了新的研究思路.

除此以外,热变形Q&P工艺72、以Mn配分珠光体为初始组织的淬火-配分(PPQ&P)工艺73-74、基于贝氏体的Q&P(BQP)工艺75等研究,通过增加奥氏体稳定性提高性能,并优化工艺参数以探索其在工业中的应用潜力,均有望成为未来高强度Q&P钢的先进制备技术.

3 马氏体时效钢

马氏体时效钢最早诞生于20世纪50年代.Rao76研究发现在铁镍合金中加入Mo,Ti,Co等元素后经简单热处理,即可大幅提升钢的强度.这类钢主要依靠马氏体基体以及时效处理形成的金属间化合物沉淀来提高强度77.同时由于其碳含量极低,具备良好的焊接和成形性能78-81.这些特点使得马氏体时效钢被广泛应用于航空航天、模具制造及其他对高强度有特殊需求的工业领域82-86.

20世纪60年代,国际镍公司开发出一系列含质量分数为18% Ni的马氏体时效钢,如表5所示.其中18Ni(300),18Ni(350)屈服强度可达到2 000 MPa以上.这一系列钢通过析出Ni3(Mo,Ti)和Fe2Mo等金属间化合物显著提升强度87-92.然而,18Ni(350)马氏体时效钢因晶界处存在粗大的脆性相导致延展性和韧性下降93-95,限制了其广泛应用.近年来,有研究者利用选择性激光熔化(SLM)工艺获得细胞状和柱状微观结构细化的马氏体晶粒,实现18Ni系马氏体时效钢强度和韧性的同时提升96-100.

20世纪70年代,由于Co价格的急剧上涨,一系列无Co马氏体时效钢相继问世.通过调控Mo,Ti等元素的含量,实现Ni3Ti,Fe7Mo6等金属间化合物在基体中的均匀分布,将强度提升至2 000 MPa级,并通过严格控制碳、硫、磷等元素含量,减少晶界脆化来提高塑韧性101-103.文献[104-109]通过在钢中加入一定量的Al元素,促进NiAl相的形成.细小弥散的NiAl析出相不仅可以提高钢的强度,NiAl与马氏体基体间极低的晶格错配度可以减少析出相与基体间的应力集中,同时降低析出相在塑性变形过程中的切割效应.Jiang等108通过调节钢中的Al含量,获得了与基体晶格常数几乎完全相同的Ni(Al,Fe)B2相析出.超低的晶格错配度降低了析出物的形核障碍,从而能够形成具有极高数密度和极小尺寸的纳米沉淀物.所设计的钢具有2 200 MPa的超高强度以及8%的总延伸率,如图8所示.此外,相比于Ni3Ti和Fe2Mo等在高温下易发生相变或粗化的金属间化合物析出,NiAl析出物在高温下具有很好的热稳定性,不容易发生粗化或分解,可以提升钢的高温稳定性和抗蠕变性能110-112.

为了进一步降低成本并优化性能,文献[113-117]提出了一系列纳米共析出策略.相比于单一纳米弥散析出,多种具有不同成分、微观结构和微观力学性能的纳米颗粒的协同组合,可获得更优异的性能.纳米级共析出的强化效果通常比单一类型纳米颗粒的弥散性更明显.这是由于纳米共析出与基体间的晶格失配更小,稳定的低界面能状态有助于细小析出物的生成.这种更高效的共析出大大降低了所需的元素含量,在满足力学性能的同时降低了成本.在低界面能的条件下,析出物更倾向于稳定存在而不是迅速长大或聚集,大大提高了析出强化作用.Jiao等114设计的Cu-NiAl共析出强化钢的极限抗拉强度可达到1 900 MPa,断裂伸长率10%,断面收缩率为 40%,强度和延展性结合良好,如图9所示.Cu-NiAl的共析出策略还在热作模具钢中得到了成功的应用.文献[118-119]借鉴了马氏体时效钢的强化策略,利用Cu-NiAl颗粒良好的析出强化效果,代替传统模具钢回火马氏体和碳化物的强化策略,有效降低了基体中的固溶元素含量,降低了晶格缺陷对载流子传热的阻碍作用,大幅度提升了材料在服役温度下的导热性能,同时具有良好的强韧性.如图10所示,室温下可获得超过35 W/(m·K)的导热系数,以及250 J以上的无缺口冲击功,同时维氏硬度为490 HV30以上.此外,含有NiAl-Ni2AlTi,NiMn-Ni2AlMn等金属间化合物的时效钢在抗蠕变和节约成本方面也具备突出的优势115-117.

4 结 语

低合金马氏体钢、淬火-配分(Q&P)钢和马氏体时效钢作为先进高强钢的三大体系,在材料科学领域取得了重要突破,但仍面临各自的技术挑战和发展机遇.

低合金马氏体钢通过微合金化设计和工艺优化,在汽车热冲压、刀具等领域获得广泛应用.未来研究的核心在于解决“高强度-低韧性”矛盾,重点开发抑制脆性孪晶马氏体形成的新方法,通过精准调控合金元素配比和热处理工艺,实现更优的强韧性匹配.

淬火-配分(Q&P)钢凭借独特的TRIP效应和优异的强塑积,Q&P钢已成为汽车轻量化的理想材料.后续研究需要攻克工业化生产中的工艺控制难题,特别是淬火-配分温度的精确调控,以确保残余奥氏体含量和稳定性的批次一致性,同时降低生产成本.

马氏体时效钢作为超高强度钢的代表,在航空航天领域展现出独特优势.未来发展需聚焦3个方向:优化纳米析出相的尺寸分布和界面特性;提升材料的高温稳定性和抗蠕变性能;探索新型析出强化机制,进一步突破现有强度-韧性极限.

这些先进高强钢体系的研究已实现从经验驱动向多尺度设计的范式转变.通过计算材料学、先进表征技术与工艺创新的深度融合,不仅推动了材料性能的持续突破,更促进了钢铁工业的绿色化转型.未来整合三大体系的优势特性,开发多相复合强化新机制,将成为超高强钢发展的主要方向,为高端装备制造提供更优异的材料解决方案.

参考文献

[1]

常智渊. 2 000 MPa级热冲压成形钢的组织调控及强韧化机理研究[D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2020.

[2]

Chang Zhi-yuan. Study on microstructure control and strengthening-toughening mechanism of 2 000 MPa grade press hardening steel [D].Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2020.

[3]

Tümer MSchneider-Bröskamp CEnzinger N.Fusion welding of ultra-high strength structural steels: a review[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes202282: 203-229.

[4]

Bouaziz OZurob HHuang M X. Driving force and logic of development of advanced high strength steels for automotive applications[J]. Steel Research International201384(10): 937-947.

[5]

Malakondaiah GSrinivas MRao P R. Ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels with enhanced fracture toughness[J]. Progress in Materials Science199742(1/2/3/4): 209-242.

[6]

师昌绪.材料大辞典[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1994.

[7]

Shi Chang-xu. Materials comprehensive dictionary [M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1994.

[8]

王鹏飞.真空感应冶炼AerMet100超高强度钢工艺研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2021.

[9]

Wang Peng-fei. Research on smelting process of AerMet100 ultra-high strength steel by vacuum induction furnace [D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2021.

[10]

Shao YLiu C XYan Z Set al. Formation mechanism and control methods of acicular ferrite in HSLA steels: a review[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology201834(5): 737-744.

[11]

Speer JMatlock D KDe Cooman B Cet al. Carbon partitioning into austenite after martensite transformation[J]. Acta Materialia200351(9): 2611-2622.

[12]

Yin W JBriffod FHu H Yet al. Role of prior austenite grain boundary and retained austenite in strain localization of medium-carbon high-strength steels[J]. Acta Materialia2024281: 120422.

[13]

诸汇涛,王建勇,杨辉,.马氏体时效钢的研究现状[J].机械制造202361(8): 41-46.

[14]

Zhu Hui-taoWang Jian-yongYang Huiet al. Research status of martensitic aging steel [J]. Machinery202361(8): 41-46.

[15]

Tomita Y. Low-temperature improvement of mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel through high-temperature thermomechanical treatment[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A199122(5): 1093-1102.

[16]

Dilipkumar DWbod W E. Acoustic-emission analysis of fracture-toughness tests[J]. Experimental Mechanics197919(11): 416-420.

[17]

Ryder J TPickel F M. Effect of temperature on stress corrosion cracking of 300M steel[J]. Joumal of Testing and Evaluation19786(2): 129-133.

[18]

Bakhshi SMirak A. The effect of low temperature transformation time on microstructural & textural evolution, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of a low alloy, medium carbon, super strength AISI 4340 steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2022831: 142247.

[19]

Cheng XGao G HFu Cet al. Mechanistic understanding of banded microstructure and its effect on anisotropy of toughness in low carbon-low alloy steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2025919: 147507.

[20]

万翛如,许昌淦.高强度及超高强度钢[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1988:25-71.

[21]

Wan Xiao-ruXu Chang-gan. High strength and ultra-high strength steel[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1988: 25-71.

[22]

王瑞.超高强度钢制备工艺的关键技术研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2017.

[23]

Wang Rui. Key process technologies for manufacture of ultra high strength steels [D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2017.

[24]

张国英.新型无钴高强高韧钢的微观结构与强韧性机理研究[D].沈阳:东北大学,2000.

[25]

Zhang Guo-ying. Investigation on microstructure and strength-toughening mechanism of a noval cobalt-free ultra-high tensile steel with high fracture toughness [D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2000.

[26]

Taylor TClough A. Critical review of automotive hot-stamped sheet steel from an industrial perspective[J]. Materials Science and Technology201834(7): 809-861.

[27]

Karbasian HTekkaya A E. A review on hot stamping[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology2010210(15): 2103-2118.

[28]

Honeycombe R W KArnold E. Steels: microstructure and properties[M]. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1981.

[29]

田秀刚,王朝,孙旭,.加热温度对34MnB5热成形钢组织性能的影响[J].金属热处理202348(3): 135-139.

[30]

Tian Xiu-gangWang ChaoSun Xuet al. Effect of heating temperature on microstructure and properties of 34MnB5 hot forming steel[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals202348(3): 135-139.

[31]

郝亮,朱国明,闻玉辉,.超高强度硼钢38MnB5的热冲压工艺研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版)201849(4): 817-823.

[32]

Hao LiangZhu Guo-mingWen Yu-huiet al. Study on hot stamping process of 38MnB5 ultra high strength boron steel [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)201849(4): 817-823.

[33]

Chen W JGao P FWang Set al. Strengthening mechanisms of Nb and V microalloying high strength hot-stamped steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A2020797: 140115.

[34]

Liang J TZhao Z ZSun B Het al.A novel ultra-strong hot stamping steel treated by quenching and partitioning process[J]. Materials Science and Technology201834(18): 2241-2249.

[35]

Chang Z YLiu Z YYu Qet al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa grade ultrahigh strength boron steel[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering20221270: 012055.

[36]

Taylor TFourlaris GEvans Pet al. New generation ultrahigh strength boron steel for automotive hot stamping technologies[J]. Materials Science and Technology201430(7): 818-826.

[37]

Sun J JLiu Y NZhu Y Tet al. Super-strong dislocation-structured high-carbon martensite steel[J]. Scientific Reports20177: 6596.

[38]

Wang Y JSun J JJiang Tet al. A low-alloy high-carbon martensite steel with 2.6 GPa tensile strength and good ductility[J]. Acta Materialia2018158: 247-256.

[39]

Li J KYang Z NMa Het al. A medium-C martensite steel with 2.6 GPa tensile strength and large ductility[J]. Scripta Materialia2023228: 115327.

[40]

Mandal GRoy CGhosh S Ket al. Structure-property relationship in a 2 GPa grade micro-alloyed ultrahigh strength steel[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds2017705: 817-827.

[41]

Liang J TLu H ZZhang L Let al. A 2000 MPa grade Nb bearing hot stamping steel with ultra-high yield strength[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2021801: 140419.

[42]

Furuya YMatsuoka S. Improvement of gigacycle fatigue properties by modified ausforming in 1600 and 2000 MPA-class low-alloy steels[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A200233(11): 3421-3431.

[43]

Kim BBoucard ESourmail Tet al. The influence of silicon in tempered martensite: understanding the microstructure-properties relationship in 0.5~0.6wt% C steels[J]. Acta Materialia201468: 169-178.

[44]

于林然,杨卓越,苏杰,.一种新型2 GPa级低合金超高强度钢及热处理工艺[J].金属热处理202449(3): 164-168.

[45]

Yu Lin-ranYang Zhuo-yueSu Jieet al. A novel 2 GPa grade low alloy ultra-high strength steel and heat treatment process[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals202449(3): 164-168.

[46]

谢地荣,薛彦均,尉文超,.回火温度对2 300 MPa 级低合金超高强度钢组织及力学性能的影响[J].钢铁研究学报202436(5): 660-668.

[47]

Xie Di-rongXue Yan-junWei Wen-chaoet al. Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2 300 MPa grade low alloy ultra-high strength steel [J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research202436(5): 660-668.

[48]

易红亮,常智渊,才贺龙,.热冲压成形钢的强度与塑性及断裂应变[J].金属学报202056(4): 429-443.

[49]

Yi Hong-liangChang Zhi-yuanCai He-longet al. Strength, ductility and fracture strain of press-hardening steels [J]. Acta Metallica Sinica202056(4): 429-443.

[50]

易红亮,刘宏亮,常智渊,.热冲压成形用钢材、热冲压成形工艺及热冲压成形构件:201610535069.3[P]. 2017-02-15.

[51]

Yi Hong-liangLiu Hong-liangChang Zhi-yuanet al. Steel for hot stamping forming, hot stamping forming process and hot stamping forming member: 201610535069.3[P]. 2017-02-15.

[52]

Jimenez-Melero Evan Dijk N HZhao Let al. In situ synchrotron study on the interplay between martensite formation, texture evolution and load partitioning in low-alloyed TRIP steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2011528(21): 6407-6416.

[53]

Yang D PWang TMiao Z Tet al. Effect of grain size on the intrinsic mechanical stability of austenite in transformation-induced plasticity steels: the competition between martensite transformation and dislocation slip[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology2023162: 38-43.

[54]

An X LZhang R MWu Y Xet al. The role of retained austenite on the stress-strain behaviour of chemically patterned steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2022831: 142286.

[55]

Seo E JCho LEstrin Yet al. Microstructure-mechanical properties relationships for quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processed steel[J]. Acta Materialia2016113: 124-139.

[56]

Soleimani MKalhor AMirzadeh H. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in advanced steels: a review[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2020795: 140023.

[57]

Clarke A JSpeer J GMiller M Ket al. Carbon partitioning to austenite from martensite or bainite during the quench and partition (Q&P) process: a critical assessment[J]. Acta Materialia200856(1): 16-22.

[58]

Santofimia M JZhao LPetrov Ret al. Characterization of the microstructure obtained by the quenching and partitioning process in a low-carbon steel[J]. Materials Characterization200859(12): 1758-1764.

[59]

Yan SLiu X HLiu W Jet al. Comparison on mechanical properties and microstructure of a C-Mn-Si steel treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and quenching and tempering (Q&T) processes[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2015620: 58-66.

[60]

HajyAkbary FSietsma JMiyamoto Get al. Analysis of the mechanical behavior of a 0.3C-1.6Si-3.5Mn(wt%) quenching and partitioning steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2016677: 505-514.

[61]

Thomas G ASpeer J G. Interface migration during partitioning of Q&P steel[J]. Materials Science and Technology201430(9): 998-1007.

[62]

Wang H SShen F HWang Yet al. Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure, deformation and fracture properties of an ultrahigh strength medium-Mn steel processed by quenching and tempering[J]. Steel Research International202394(11): 2200902.

[63]

Kim BCelada CSan Martín Det al. The effect of silicon on the nanoprecipitation of cementite[J]. Acta Materialia201361(18): 6983-6992.

[64]

Yi H LLee K YBhadeshia H K D H. Mechanical stabilisation of retained austenite in δ-TRIP steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2011528: 5900-5903.

[65]

Yi H LRyu J HBhadeshia H K D Het al. Low-alloy duplex, directly quenched transformation-induced plasticity steel[J]. Scripta Materialia201165(7): 604-607.

[66]

Li H YLu X WLi W Jet al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of an ultrahigh-strength 40SiMnNiCr steel during the one-step quenching and partitioning process[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A201041(5): 1284-1300.

[67]

Jirková HKučerová LMašek B. Effect of quenching and partitioning temperatures in the Q-P process on the properties of AHSS with various amounts of manganese and silicon[J]. Materials Science Forum2012706-709: 2734-2739.

[68]

Jirkova HKucerova L. Q-P process on steels with various carbon and chromium contents[C]// Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013: 819-824.

[69]

Hsu T YXu Z Y. Design of structure, composition and heat treatment process for high strength steel[J]. Materials Science Forum2007561/565: 2283-2286.

[70]

Wang X DZhong NRong Y Het al. Novel ultrahigh-strength nanolath martensitic steel by quenching-partitioning-tempering process[J]. Journal of Materials Research200924(1): 260-267.

[71]

Zhong NWang X DWang Let al. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of a Nb-microalloyed advanced high-strength steel treated by quenching-partitioning-tempering process[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2009506(1/2): 111-116.

[72]

Peng FXu Y BGu X Let al. The relationships of microstructure-mechanical properties in quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel accompanied with microalloyed carbide precipitation[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2018723: 247-258.

[73]

Krauss G. Deformation and fracture in martensitic carbon steels tempered at low temperatures[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science200132(2): 205-221.

[74]

Wang YLi R BZuo X Wet al. The twice softening of martensitic matrix in Q-P-T steels and its effect on ductility[J]. Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering20191(1/2): 2-10.

[75]

Yi H LChen PHou Z Yet al. A novel design: Partitioning achieved by quenching and tempering (Q-T & P) in an aluminium-added low-density steel[J]. Scripta Materialia201368(6): 370-374.

[76]

Du P JChen PMisra D Ket al. Transformation-induced ductility of reverse austenite evolved by low-temperature tempering of martensite[J]. Metals202010(10): 1343.

[77]

He B BPan SHuang M X. Extra work hardening in room-temperature quenching and partitioning medium Mn steel enabled by intercritical annealing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2020797: 140106.

[78]

He B BLiu LHuang M X. Room-temperature quenching and partitioning steel[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science201849(8): 3167-3172.

[79]

Li S SWen P YLi S Let al. A novel medium-Mn steel with superior mechanical properties and marginal oxidization after press hardening[J]. Acta Materialia2021205: 116567.

[80]

Gu G YKim J HLee H Het al. Room temperature quenching and partitioning (RT-Q&P) processed steel with chemically heterogeneous initial microstructure[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2022851: 143651.

[81]

Hou Z ROpitz TXiong X Cet al. Bake-partitioning in a press-hardening steel[J]. Scripta Materialia2019162: 492-496.

[82]

He B BHu BYen H Wet al. High dislocation density-induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels[J]. Science2017357(6355): 1029-1032.

[83]

Liu LYu QWang Zet al. Making ultrastrong steel tough by grain-boundary delamination[J]. Science2020368(6497): 1347-1352.

[84]

Li Y JYuan GLi L Let al. Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure[J]. Science2023379(6628): 168-173.

[85]

Xu Y SGong YDu Het al. A newly-designed hot stamping plus non-isothermal Q&P process to improve mechanical properties of commercial QP980 steel[J]. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture20203(1): 26-35.

[86]

Sun W WWu Y XYang S Cet al. Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) development through chemical patterning of austenite[J]. Scripta Materialia2018146: 60-63.

[87]

Zhang CXiong Z PYang D Zet al. Heterogeneous quenching and partitioning from manganese-partitioned pearlite: retained austenite modification and formability improvement[J]. Acta Materialia2022235: 118060.

[88]

Gao G HZhang HGui X Let al. Enhanced ductility and toughness in an ultrahigh-strength Mn-Si-Cr-C steel: the great potential of ultrafine filmy retained austenite[J]. Acta Materialia201476: 425-433.

[89]

Rao M N. Progress in understanding the metallurgy of 18% Nickel-Maraging Steel[J]. International Journal of Materials Research200697(11): 1594-1607.

[90]

Sha WGuo Z L. Maraging steels modelling of microstructure, properties and applications[M]. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009.

[91]

Lombardo SFerreira N Rde Souza Santos L Aet al. Microstructural characterization of joints of maraging 300 steel welded by laser and subjected to plasma nitriding treatment [J]. Materials Science Forum2016869: 479-483.

[92]

Fanton LAbdalla A Jde Lima M S F. Heat treatment and Yb-fiber laser welding of a maraging steel[J]. Welding Journal201493(9): 362-368.

[93]

Rajkumar VArivazhagan NRamkumar K D. Studies on welding of maraging steels [J]. Procedia Engineering201475: 83-87.

[94]

Raabe DPonge DDmitrieva O. Designing ultrahigh strength steels with good ductility by combining transformation induced plasticity and martensite aging [J]. Advanced Engineering Materials200911(7): 547-555.

[95]

Seede RShoukr DZhang Bet al. An ultra-high strength martensitic steel fabricated using selective laser melting additive manufacturing: densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties [J]. Acta Materialia2020186: 199-214.

[96]

Anil Kumar VKarthikeyan M KGupta R Ket al. Aging behavior in 15-5 pH precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel [J]. Materials Science Forum2012710: 483-488.

[97]

Zou X DNiu BPan L Let al. Wire+arc additive manufacturing and heat treatment of super martensitic stainless steel with a refined microstructure and excellent mechanical properties [J]. Materials202215(7): 2624.

[98]

Samei JAsgari HPelligra Cet al. A hybrid additively manufactured martensitic-maraging stainless steel with superior strength and corrosion resistance for plastic injection molding dies [J]. Additive Manufacturing202145: 102068.

[99]

Karabeyoglu S SYaman P. An experimental investigation of martensitic stainless steel in aircraft and aerospace industry for thermal wear performance and corrosion potential [J]. Practical Metallography202259(4): 199-215.

[100]

Li X DYin Z D. A computer-simulated electron diffraction analysis of precipitates in 18Ni(350) maraging steel [J]. Materials Letters199523(4/6): 269-272.

[101]

Pardal J MTavares S S MTerra V Fet al. Modeling of precipitation hardening during the aging and overaging of 18Ni-Co-Mo-Ti maraging 300 steel [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds2005393(1/2): 109-113.

[102]

Viswanathan U KDey G KAsundi M K. Precipitation hardening in 350 grade maraging steel [J]. Metallurgical Transactions A199324(11): 2429-2442.

[103]

Li X DYin Z DLi H Bet al. Mössbauer study of the early stages of aging in 18Ni(350) maraging steel [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics199333(3/4): 277-280.

[104]

Cerra F M APereira Ú CCardoso J Let al. Microstructural characterization of grade 300 and grade 350 maraging steels and electrochemical study in hydrofluoric solution [J]. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry2021243: 109738.

[105]

Marcisz JAdamczyk MGarbarz B. Optimisation of mechanical properties of 18%Ni350 grade maraging steel using novel heat treatment [J]. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials201762(1): 73-84.

[106]

Ahmed MSalam INasim Iet al. Reclamation and additional alloying of 18Ni(350) maraging steel [J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance19943(3): 386-392.

[107]

Kalish DRack H J. Thermal embrittlement of 18 Ni(350) maraging steel [J]. Metallurgical Transactions19712(9): 2665-2672.

[108]

Rack H JKalish D. The strength and fracture toughness of 18 Ni (350) maraging steel[J]. Metallurgical Transactions197111(2): 3011-3020.

[109]

Becker T HDimitrov D. The achievable mechanical properties of SLM produced maraging steel 300 components[J]. Rapid Prototyping Journal201622(3): 487-494.

[110]

Song JTang QFeng Q Xet al. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of 18Ni-300 maraging steel manufactured by selective laser melting[J]. Optics & Laser Technology2019120: 105725.

[111]

Kempen KYasa EThijs Let al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted 18Ni-300 steel [J]. Physics Procedia201112: 255-263.

[112]

Wu W PWang XWang Qet al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of maraging 18Ni-300 steel obtained by powder bed based selective laser melting process[J]. Rapid Prototyping Journal202026(8): 1379-1387.

[113]

Yin SChen C YYan X Cet al. The influence of aging temperature and aging time on the mechanical and tribological properties of selective laser melted maraging 18Ni-300 steel[J]. Additive Manufacturing201822: 592-600.

[114]

He YYang KSha W. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa grade Co-free maraging steel after aging at 753K[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A200536(9): 2273-2287.

[115]

He YYang KSha Wet al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a 2000 MPa Co-free maraging steel after aging at 753 K[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A200435(9): 2747-2755.

[116]

Niu M CYin L CYang Ket al. Synergistic alloying effects on nanoscale precipitation and mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength steels strengthened by Ni3Ti, Mo-enriched, and Cr-rich co-precipitates[J]. Acta Materialia2021209: 116788.

[117]

尹炎祺,伍翠兰,谢盼,.冷轧及退火制备的超细晶粒双相Mn12Ni2MoTi(Al)[J].金属学报201652(12): 1527-1535.

[118]

Yin Yan-qiWu Cui-lanXie Panet al. An ultrafine grained duplex Mn12Ni2MoTi(Al) steel fabricated by cold rolling and annealing [J]. Acta Metallica Sinica201652(12): 1527-1535.

[119]

Stallybrass CSchneider ASauthoff G. The strengthening effect of (Ni,Fe)Al precipitates on the mechanical properties at high temperatures of ferritic Fe-Al-Ni-Cr alloys[J]. Intermetallics200513(12): 1263-1268.

[120]

Sun LSimm T HMartin T Let al. A novel ultra-high strength maraging steel with balanced ductility and creep resistance achieved by nanoscale β-NiAl and Laves phase precipitates[J]. Acta Materialia2018149: 285-301.

[121]

Simm T HSun LGalvin D Ret al. A SANS and APT study of precipitate evolution and strengthening in a maraging steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A2017702: 414–424.

[122]

Jiang S HWang HWu Yet al. Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation[J]. Nature2017544(7651): 460-464.

[123]

Galindo N E IRainforth W MRivera P E J. Predicting microstructure and strength of maraging steels: elemental optimization[J]. Acta Materialia2016117: 270-285.

[124]

Wang JWu D JZhu C Yet al. Thermal stability enhancement of hybrid Ni2Al3/Ni coatings on creep-resistant ferritic steels by a mechanism of thermodynamically constrained interdiffusion[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology2013232: 489-496.

[125]

Wang MSun H YZheng W Yet al. Creep behavior of an alumina-forming austenitic steel with simple alloy design[J]. Materials Today Communications202025: 101303.

[126]

Yamamoto YSantella M LBrady M Pet al. Effect of alloying additions on phase equilibria and creep resistance of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A200940(8): 1868-1880.

[127]

Jiao Z BLuan J HMiller M Ket al. Co-precipitation of nanoscale particles in steels with ultra-high strength for a new era[J]. Materials Today201720(3): 142-154.

[128]

Jiao Z BLuan J HMiller M Ket al. Precipitation mechanism and mechanical properties of an ultra-high strength steel hardened by nanoscale NiAl and Cu particles[J]. Acta Materialia201597: 58-67.

[129]

Liu Z KJie X HWu H Set al. The preparation and properties of Ni2Al3 intermetallic compound coating[J]. Coatings202313(11): 1900.

[130]

Polvani R STzeng W SStrutt P R. High temperature creep in a semi-coherent NiAl-Ni2AlTi alloy[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A19767: 33-40.

[131]

Baik SWang S YLiaw P Ket al. Increasing the creep resistance of Fe-Ni-Al-Cr superalloys via Ti additions by optimizing the B2/L21 ratio in composite nano-precipitates[J]. Acta Materialia2018157(15): 142-154.

[132]

易红亮,刘连骞,芦富敏,.热作模具钢、其热处理方法及热作模具: 202210703843.2[P]. 2022-07-29.

[133]

Yi Hong-liangLiu Lian-qianLu Fu-minet al. Hot work die steel, heat treatment method thereof and hot work die: 202210703843.2[P]. 2022-07-29.

[134]

易红亮,刘连骞,王国栋,.热作模具钢、其热处理方法及热作模具: 201910156108.2[P]. 2020-09-18.

[135]

Yi Hong-liangLiu Lian-qianWang Guo-donget al. Hot work die steel, heat treatment method thereof and hot work die: 201910156108.2[P]. 2020-09-18.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101128)

江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE023059)

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(N25LJR002)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (9805KB)

720

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/