温轧对55SiCrVNb弹簧钢强塑性的影响

凌铭宏 ,  王海建 ,  冯浩 ,  李花兵

东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3) : 58 -64.

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东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3) : 58 -64. DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2026.20240205
材料与冶金

温轧对55SiCrVNb弹簧钢强塑性的影响

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Effect of Warm Rolling on Strength and Plasticity of 55SiCrVNb Spring Steel

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摘要

以55SiCrVNb弹簧钢为研究对象,研究了不同温轧工艺对其强塑性的影响.结果表明,温轧前后55SiCrVNb钢的微观组织主要由回火马氏体、残余奥氏体和碳化物组成.随着温轧温度和道次的增加,马氏体组织表现出明显的γ形变织构强化特征,且高角度晶界占比和密度也有所提高.此外,残余奥氏体含量增加有助于提高55SiCrVNb钢的加工硬化能力并增强相变诱发塑性效应,从而提高抗拉强度和延伸率.力学性能结果表明,600 ℃轧制36道次后获得最高强塑积(18.3 GPa·%),实现了强度>2.5 GPa的超强弹簧钢的制备.

Abstract

Taking 55SiCrVNb spring steel as the research object, the effect of different warm rolling processes on its strength and plasticity was investigated. The results show that the microstructure of 55SiCrVNb steel before and after warm rolling is mainly composed of tempered martensite, retained austenite, and carbides. With the increase of warm rolling temperature and number of passes, the martensitic microstructure exhibits obvious γ-fiber deformation texture strengthening characteristics, and the proportion and density of high-angle grain boundaries are also increased. In addition, the increase of retained austenite content contributes to improving the work-hardening ability of 55SiCrVNb steel and enhances the transformation-induced plasticity effect, leading to increase tensile strength and elongation. The mechanical property results show that the highest product of strength and plasticity (18.3 GPa·%) is obtained after rolling at 600 ℃ for 36 passes, and the preparation of ultra-high strength spring steel with a tensile strength >2.5 GPa is achieved.

Graphical abstract

关键词

弹簧钢 / 温轧 / 强塑性 / 残余奥氏体 / 晶界

Key words

spring steel / warm rolling / strength and plasticity / retained austenite / grain boundary

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凌铭宏,王海建,冯浩,李花兵. 温轧对55SiCrVNb弹簧钢强塑性的影响[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 47(3): 58-64 DOI:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2026.20240205

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随着汽车行业的快速发展,汽车用钢的需求持续增长,相应的能源消耗和环境污染日益加剧,节能和轻质汽车用钢成为未来钢铁行业的研发重点.研究表明[1-2],汽车总质量每减少5%,燃油消耗量降低约4%,尾气排放量减少约2%.由于汽车悬架弹簧占车辆总质量的2%至5%,弹簧钢的轻量化具有重要意义.轻量化设计的关键在于使弹簧钢的强度和塑性达到最佳组合,这与微观组织密切相关.通过成分优化设计、热加工和热处理工艺调控弹簧钢的微观组织,从而获得更高的强塑性,是目前研究人员关注的主要方向.
温轧是一种在高于常温但低于再结晶温度下进行轧制的工艺,兼具热轧和冷轧的工艺优点[3].He等[4]采用温轧工艺,在冷变形时形成的马氏体中引入大量位错,提高D&P(deformed and partitioned)钢的位错密度,从而改善位错强化效果.赵晓丽等[5]研究发现,温轧退火后中锰钢中形成了细小等轴状和板条状组织,与冷轧退火样品相比,温轧退火样品的强塑积提高了20%以上.曹佳丽等[6]研究表明,温轧处理显著降低了中锰钢轧制过程中材料的变形抗力和轧制力,获得了抗拉强度为859 MPa、伸长率为36%的优异强塑性匹配.Sun等[7]研究了650和870 ℃退火对温轧FeCrAl合金钢织构的影响,发现650 ℃退火样品存在明显的变形织构(α和γ等织构),其屈服强度提升至644 MPa;870 ℃退火样品中γ织构比例减少,屈服强度降低至474 MPa.综上所述,温轧处理可以通过调控马氏体亚结构和位错密度,产生形变织构来提升钢的强塑性.
目前有关高强度弹簧钢(强度>2 GPa)温轧处理的研究鲜有报道.基于汽车轻量化的发展趋势和高性能弹簧钢的迫切需求,本文以55SiCrVNb弹簧钢为研究对象,研究了不同温轧温度和道次对其强塑性的影响.通过匹配适宜的温轧工艺制度,调控弹簧钢微观组织,从而实现高性能弹簧钢的制备.

1 实验材料和方法

本研究中所用55SiCrVNb弹簧钢采用25 kg真空感应炉熔炼,利用直读光谱仪(ARL4460)、氧氮分析仪(LECO TC500)和碳硫分析仪(CS-2300)进行成分测定,化学成分如表1所示.热加工和热处理工艺流程示意图如图1所示,将铸锭加热至1 150 ℃并保温2 h,锻造成截面为80 mm×25 mm的板材后空冷至室温.随后将板材进行切割,分别置于550和600 ℃的马弗炉中进行预热,轧制道次分别为17和36道次,总压下量均为85%.沿轧制方向取样,进行淬火和回火处理:淬火制度为920 ℃保温10 min后油冷;回火制度为375 ℃保温5 min后水冷.

利用万能拉伸试验机(Shimadzu AGS-100)进行单轴拉伸试验,应变速率为1 mm/min.板状拉伸试样数量为3个,尺寸为33 mm×3.5 mm×2 mm.为确保数据的可重复性,制备3个平行试样.采用体积分数4%的硝酸酒精溶液进行腐蚀,使用OLYCIA m3金相图像分析软件通过横截面法测量原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸,使用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM Tescan M3)进行显微组织观察.采用Oxford Symmetry S2电子背散射衍射(EBSD)系统进行EBSD测试,分析马氏体亚结构的演变.为了消除机械抛光过程中的表面应力,采用电解抛光法制备EBSD样品,电压设置为25~30 V,电流0.8~1.0 A,采集步长为0.06 μm.随后利用AZtecCrystal 2.1软件对EBSD数据进行分析.利用X射线衍射仪(岛津SmartLab 9 kW)进行残余奥氏体含量和位错密度分析,扫描步长为0.02°,扫描速度为2(°)·min-1,工作电压为40 kV,工作电流为40 mA,扫描范围为40°~120°,实验结果采用Jade 6.0软件进行后处理.残余奥氏体体积分数计算方法为[8]

Vγ=1-Vc1M∑i=1MIγ,i/Rγ,i1M∑i=1MIγ,i/Rγ,i+1N∑i=1NIα,i/Rα,i.

其中:Vγ 和Vc分别是残余奥氏体和碳化物的体积分数;M和N分别是奥氏体和马氏体衍射峰的数量;Iγ,i 和Iα,i 是不同奥氏体和马氏体米勒指数(h k l)对应的积分强度.归一化因子R可通过式(2)计算.

R=1/V2F2p1+cos22θ/sin2θcosθe-2M.

其中:V是晶胞的体积;F是结构因子;p是多重因子;θ是布拉格角;e-2M 是温度因子.

位错密度计算方法[9-10]为

ρ=14.4e2/b2δhklcosθhklλ=1D+2esinθhklλ.

其中: b 是Burgers矢量,取值为0.25 nm;ρ是位错密度;δhkl 是衍射峰半高宽;D是表观尺寸参数;λ是衍射波长;θhkl 是布拉格角;e是微应变.

2 结果与讨论

2.1 微观组织

图2为55SiCrVNb钢回火后的SEM显微组织,温轧前后的组织主要由回火马氏体、残余奥氏体和碳化物组成.与未温轧处理相比,随着温轧温度和道次的增加,板条尺寸不断细化,碳化物的尺寸和数量未发生明显变化[11].此外,未温轧、550 ℃-17道次(550-17)和600 ℃-36道次(600-36)的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸分别为9.1,6.7和4.0 μm.原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的细化有助于提高晶界密度,为马氏体形核提供更多的位置,使得马氏体可以在更多的地方同时形核.当多个马氏体变体在相邻位置形核时,它们之间的生长会相互干扰,从而细化马氏体亚结构[12].先前的研究表明,55SiCrVNb钢中碳化物的类型分别为M2.5C型(M=Fe,Cr,Mn等)和MC型(M=V,Nb等)[13].残余奥氏体通常分布在马氏体板条(ML)间,由薄膜状残余奥氏体和块状残余奥氏体组成[14-16].

温轧前后55SiCrVNb钢的X射线衍射图如图3所示,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着温轧温度和道次的增加而提高,分别为11.4%,12.6%和13.5%,这可归因于原始奥氏体晶粒细化增强了奥氏体的热稳定性[17].大量研究表明[18-19],残余奥氏体体积分数的提高有利于产生更强的相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应,从而提高材料的加工硬化能力.另外,残余奥氏体含量的提高能有效阻碍微裂纹扩展[20-22],有助于提高断裂韧性.根据XRD曲线,利用Williamson-Hall方法[9-10]进一步计算了位错密度.未温轧,550 ℃-17道次(550-17)和600 ℃-36道次(600-36)的位错密度分别为4.5×1015,3.1×1015和2.6×1015 m–2.可以看出,随着温轧温度和道次的增加,位错密度不断减小,这与温轧细化晶粒并提高残余奥氏体含量有关.残余奥氏体是一种软相,其含量的增加会导致基体容纳位错的能力降低,从而减小位错密度,进而降低55SiCrVNb钢的屈服强度.

图4和图5为温轧前后55SiCrVNb钢的反极图和晶界分布图.未温轧,550-17和600-36试样的高角度晶界占比和密度分别为75.5%,77.2%,78.8%和2.14,2.21,2.34 μm-2.结果表明,温轧提高了高角度晶界的占比和密度,且随着温轧温度和道次的增加而提高,这与温轧细化晶粒从而提高晶界数量有关.已有的研究[23-25]表明,高角度晶界能够有效延缓并偏转裂纹的扩展,从而提升材料的韧性[26-27].当裂纹试图穿越这些高角度晶界时,其独特的不连续结构和不规则的原子排列会强烈地阻碍并抑制裂纹扩展[28].因此,在600-36制度下温轧后高角度晶界能更有效地发挥促进裂纹偏转的作用,进而提高延展性.根据EBSD图像进一步计算了有效晶粒尺寸,未温轧、550-17和600-36试样的有效晶粒尺寸分别为1.04,1.03和0.99 μm.结果表明,温轧对有效晶粒尺寸影响较小.

为进一步探索温轧后织构的演变机制,绘制了不同温轧工艺的取向分布函数图,如图6所示.图6d为Φ2=45°的体心立方合金理想取向分布函数图[29].其中,立方体(Cube)、旋转立方体(Rot-C)、高斯(Goss)和旋转Goss(Rot-Goss)取向为再结晶织构,而α纤维(<110>//RD)、γ纤维(<111>//ND)和λ纤维(<001>//ND)取向为变形织构[30].可以看出,未温轧钢中存在{001}<1¯1¯0>取向的Rot-C织构,其次为远离γ纤维水平线的低强度{213}<2¯3¯2>织构.在550-17制度下,γ纤维基准附近出现{221}<12¯1>织构,同时存在强度3.31的{110}<001>方向Goss织构.在600-36制度下,温轧钢表现出最高强度3.80的γ形变织构,对应的织构取向分别为{111}<11¯0>,{223}<11¯0>,{223}<1¯2¯2>和{111}<01¯1>.此外,还存在α纤维附近的{114}<23¯0>取向和Rot-C织构的{001}<1¯1¯0>取向.上述结果表明,温轧前后的微观组织中仍存在少量的再结晶织构.与未温轧钢相比,温轧钢形成了高强度的γ形变织构,且织构强度更高,在600-36制度下织构强化效果最为明显.

2.2 力学性能

不同温轧工艺处理后的拉伸性能如图7和表2所示.与未温轧处理相比,550-17制度下的屈服强度降低约110 MPa,延伸率从(5.77±0.31)%提升至(7.27±0.32)%,抗拉强度基本保持不变.在600-36制度下,屈服强度和延伸率保持不变,抗拉强度显著提升至约2 517 MPa.结果表明,温轧降低了材料的屈服强度,提高了抗拉强度和延伸率,这与温轧处理后残余奥氏体、位错和织构的演变密切相关.在550-17制度下,残余奥氏体含量提高,位错密度降低,无明显织构形成,这是导致延伸率提高同时屈服强度降低的主要原因.结合XRD曲线粗略定量分析了位错强化对屈服强度的贡献,计算公式如式(4)所示[10,31-32]:

σρ=MαGbρ.

式中:σ为位错强化对屈服强度贡献的量化值;M为泰勒因子,对于马氏体体心立方结构的金属材料取值2.8[10];α为强化常数,对于高位错密度马氏体取值0.20[10];G为马氏体剪切模量,取值76 GPa[10]; b 为Burgers矢量,取值为0.25 nm[10].由表2计算的位错密度值可知,未温轧、550-17和600-36的位错强化量分别约为709,587和540 MPa,屈服强度的降低与位错强化量的下降趋势吻合.随着温轧温度和道次的增加,形成大量薄膜状残余奥氏体和高强度γ形变织构,在保持塑性的同时提升了抗拉强度,获得了更高的强塑积(13.58→16.98→18.27 GPa·%).此外,如图7c所示,未温轧钢的加工硬化能力最低,600-36制度下最高;更高含量的残余奥氏体有助于在拉伸过程中发挥更强的加工硬化能力.

3 结 论

1) 温轧前后组织均由回火马氏体、残余奥氏体和碳化物构成.温轧处理细化了原始奥氏体晶粒并沿轧制方向形成伸长的马氏体亚结构,增加了残余奥氏体含量,有助于发挥更强的TRIP效应.

2) 随着温轧温度和温轧道次的增加,600-36制度下形成了高强度的γ形变织构(3.80),对应的织构取向分别为{111}<11¯0>,{223}<11¯0>,{223}<1¯2¯2>和{111}<01¯1>.此外,还存在α纤维附近的{114}<23¯0>取向和Rot-C织构的{001}<1¯1¯0>取向,高强度形变织构的形成有助于改善加工硬化效果.

3) 温轧处理提高了55SiCrVNb钢的加工硬化能力并获得优异的强塑积,其中600-36制度的提升最为明显,抗拉强度约为2 517 MPa,屈服强度约为1 926 MPa,延伸率约为7.26%,强塑积约为18.27 GPa·%.

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52325406)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52374331)

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