再生聚氨酯保温建筑材料的改性及其阻燃性能研究
Research on Modification and Flame Retardant Properties of Recycled Polyurethane Insulation Building Materials
硬聚氨酯泡沫分子链中存在的高度密集的C—H键,导致其极限氧指数(LOI)仅为19.2%,其较差的阻燃性能影响材料的广泛应用。研究采用一步发泡法成功制备粉煤灰(FA)改性的再生聚氨酯(RPUF)材料,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)等结构表征验证目标阻燃剂的成功合成。热稳定性测试结果表明,添加FA的RPUF材料具有优异的热稳定性,有助于基体材料形成保护层。通过LOI、UL-94和烟密度测试对RPUF的阻燃性能进行评估。结果显示,随着FA掺量的增加,LOI和UL-94等级均有所提高,呈现先升后降的趋势。当FA质量分数为10%时,RPUF-10FA的LOI由基底的19.5%提高至30.3%,并达到UL94 V-0等级,同时火灾指数从0.048升至0.455,火灾蔓延指数从9.785降至1.136。可燃性分析结果显示,RPUF-10FA的热释放速率峰值(pHRR)由基底的236.2 kW/m2降至83.2 kW/m2,总烟雾释放量(TSR)从389.1 m2/m2降至304.3 m2/m2,表明FA通过抑制热解气体的释放和自由基链式反应有效抑制烟雾生成。FA改性的RPUF材料在保持优异的力学性能和热稳定性的同时表现出优异的阻燃性能,为低成本、低毒性、高环保效应的建筑保温材料的开发提供了可行的方案。
Rigid polyurethane foam has a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of only 19.2% due to the highly dense C-H bonds in its molecular chains, and its poor flame retardancy affects the wide application of the material. In this study, fly ash (FA) modified recycled polyurethane (RPUF) material was successfully prepared by one-step foaming method, and the successful synthesis of the target flame retardant was verified by structural characterization such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The thermal stability test results show that the RPUF material with FA has excellent thermal stability, which helps the matrix material form a protective layer. The flame retardant properties of RPUF were evaluated by LOI, UL-94 and smoke density tests. The results show that with the increase of FA content, both LOI and UL-94 grades increase, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the mass fraction of FA is 10%, the LOI of RPUF-10FA increases from 19.5% of the substrate to 30.3%, and reaches the UL94 V-0 grade. At the same time, the fire index increases from 0.048 to 0.455, and the fire spread index decreases from 9.785 to 1.136. The flammability analysis results show that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of RPUF-10FA decreases from 236.2 kW/m2 of the substrate to 83.2 kW/m2, and the total smoke release (TSR) decreases from 389.1 m2/m2 to 304.3 m2/m2, indicating that FA effectively inhibits smoke generation by suppressing the release of pyrolysis gas and free radical chain reaction. FA-modified RPUF materials exhibit excellent flame retardancy while maintaining excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability, providing a feasible solution for the development of low-cost, low-toxicity, and high-environmental-effect building insulation materials.
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