Objective The aims of this study are to explore the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the socio-ecological system resilience in desertification reversal areas, in order to contribute to the ecological restoration and high-quality development of economy in desertification reversal areas. Methods This paper takes Hangjin County, a desertification reversal area as the research area, and uses the methods of the set pair analysis and the obstacle degree model to explore the spatio-temporal evolution process and influencing mechanism of the social-ecosystem resilience from 2001 to 2023. Results (1) In terms of temporal changes, the resilience of social-ecological system showed a generally increasing trend year by year, from 0.237 in 2001 to 0.703 in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 5.07%. Among them, the resilience of the ecological subsystem had a ‘rising-falling-rising’ fluctuation repeatedly; the resilience of the economic subsystem had steadily increased year by year, from 0.154 in 2001 to 0.542 in 2023, with fluctuations and declines in some years; the resilience of the social subsystem had risen slowly, with an average annual growth rate of 5.53%, and there had been a sudden change in some years. (2) In terms of spatial dynamic changes, the resilience of the socio-ecological system generally showed a progressive development of ‘lower-medium-higher’ trend, and showed the distribution characteristics of balanced development in both the north and the south areas, and the towns had gradually changed from differentiation to convergence. Among them, the resilience of the ecological and social subsystem in north area improved faster than in the south, while the resilience of the economic subsystem in south area improved faster than in the north. To social subsystem, the spatial correlation of the resilience was weak, and the resilience in north area improved faster than in the south. (3) Ecological protection, income status, labor force status, and human-land relations were the main obstacles to the improvement of social-ecological system resilience in the desertification reversal area, and the regional social-ecological system has evolved from desertification management to green development. Conclusion The resilience of social-ecological system in Hangjin County increased year by year from 2001 to 2023, showing a balanced distribution characteristics between the north and the south areas, and regional ecological protection and economic development should be coordinated to further build the national ecological security barrier.
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