Objective This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of water yield in the Zoige Plateau, identify the dominant controlling factors, and provide new scientific insights for the optimization of regional water resource management. Methods Based on data related to land use, climate, soil, and topography, the InVEST model was applied to estimate the annual water yield capacity of the Zoige Plateau and analyze its spatiotemporal changes from 2000 to 2020. The Theil-Sen trend analysis and Mann-Kendall significance tests were employed to interpret the trends in annual water yield. Combined with the wetland landscape evolution function, the study focused on analyzing water yield changes under different wetland landscape change types and examined the influencing factors of annual water yield. Results (1) From 2000 to 2020, the average annual water yield of the Zoige Plateau was 183.62 mm. The water yield capacities varied among different land use types, in descending order: unused land (601.63 mm)>construction land (488.74 mm)>grassland (192.85 mm)>cropland (188.30 mm)>wetland (122.67 mm)>forest land (108.64 mm). The average total annual water yield was 7.798×109 m³, with grassland contributing 75.63% of the total. The spatial distribution of water yield exhibited a pattern of higher values in the west and peripheral areas, and lower values in the north and central regions. (2) Over the past 21 years, the annual water yield increased at a rate of 2.48×10⁸ m³ per year, with 68.40% of the area experiencing significant or highly significant increases in annual water yield. Among the wetland landscape change types, the stable type (39.75%) and the restoration type (34.38%) accounted for the largest areas. The restoration-type wetlands contributed significantly to water yield improvement, while stable wetlands helped maintain water yield functionality, and degraded wetlands only constituted 25.41% of the area. (3) The spatial pattern of regional water yield was mainly driven by precipitation and evapotranspiration, along with factors such as root depth, altitude, and plant available water content. Conclusions The water yield capacity of the Zoige Plateau showed a significant upward trend, primarily driven by climate change, with the impact of wetland landscape evolution also playing a crucial role.
式中:AWC x 为栅格x的植物有效可利用水(mm);Z即Zhang系数,也称为“季节常数”,取值范围1~30,代表区域降水分布及水文地质特征。kxj 为第j土地利用类型栅格x的植被类型的蒸散系数;ET0x 为栅格x的参考蒸散发量(mm);Ds 为土层深度(mm);Dr 为根系深度(mm);PAWC x 为栅格x的植物可利用水分(mm)。PAWC代表植物可利用含水率,采用周文佐等[24]提出的一种基于物理和化学性质计算PAWC的方法,具体计算公式为:
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