Objective Check dams are essential soil and water conservation engineering measures on the Loess Plateau. Accurate estimation of sediment deposition volume in check dams is important for the scientific evaluation of their soil-water conservation benefits and dynamic safety. Methods This study proposed a sediment estimation method for check dams based on high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and three-dimensional surface reconstruction technology. Taking the Jiuyuangou watershed as an example, UAV imagery was utilized to extract the terrain surface model of check dams, and 30 empty gullies were randomly selected to establish virtual dams. Four methods (second-order polynomial, third-order polynomial, smoothing spline, and binomial index) were employed to simulate the longitudinal valley lines and transverse gully slope lines of the virtual dams. The reliability of these methods was verified using empty gully topographic data. A digital terrain network based on the optimal reconstructed characteristic lines was established, and spatial interpolation was performed with the Hutchinson algorithm to generate the original surface of the check dams. Using the reconstructed check dam surface and actual dam parameters as references, the sediment deposition volume was estimated through 3D analyst model. Results (1) among the four methods, the binomial index model achieved the highest accuracy, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 1.305 m and 2.958 m for the simulated longitudinal and transverse gully slope lines, respectively. Additionally, R² values exceeded 0.994 and 0.967, respectively. (2) The three-dimensional surfaces of 30 virtual dams simulated using the Hutchinson spatial interpolation method had an RMSE of 1.03 m compared to the actual terrain, with R² exceeding 0.998. (3) The proposed model estimated sediment volume for the 30 virtual dams with an average error rate of 6.54%. Conclusion The proposed method demonstrates high accuracy and reliability, enabling rapid and accurate estimation of sediment deposition in single-gully check dams on the Loess Plateau.
本文采用均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)和预测吻合度(R²)作为检验纵向和横向地形特征线以及三维曲面重构精度指标。RMSE定义为观测值与真值偏差的平方和与观测次数n比值的平方根,用来衡量观测值同真值之间的偏差。RMSE值越小,预测高程值越接近实测高程值。R²的值越接近1,填充精度越高。公式为:
通过在航区进行多次预飞行,将飞行高度、航向重叠度和旁向重叠度分别设置为100~200 m(取决于每个集水区的高差),80%和70%,并使用实时仿地功能以提高影像获取精度。采用Agisoft Photoscan Professional 1.2.6软件对无人机图像进行处理,包括影像对齐、密集点云构建、地面点分类、网格生成、DEM和DOM构建等。
由于研究区沟壑纵横、地形复杂,且飞行航区数量众多,在每个航拍区域布置地面控制点(Ground Control Point, GCP)具有一定难度。然而,由于缺乏地面控制点可能导致的厘米级误差,与坝沟长度/宽度(通常为百米级)相比,这种误差对生成的数字高程模型(DEM)和数字正射影像(Digital Orthophoto Map, DOM)的影响可忽略不计。
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