1.Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology,College of;Water Sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100080,China
2.Huaneng Lancang River;Hydropower Inc. ,Kunming 650200,China
3.China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute,Beijing 100010,China
Objective This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of extreme climate indices and evaluates the comprehensive risk of extreme climate events in the Jinsha River Basin, in order to reveal the vulnerability and potential threats of the regional climate system, and to provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for disaster prevention and mitigation, water resource management, and adaptive planning in the basin. Methods Temperature and precipitation data from meteorological stations within the Jinsha River Basin from 1960 to 2010 were selected, and 26 extreme climate indices for temperature and precipitation were calculated, including maximum temperature (TXx), minimum value of maximum temperature (TXn), annual precipitation (PRCPTOT), and precipitation intensity (SDII). The spatiotemporal evolution trends of the extreme indices were investigated using Kriging interpolation, Sen′s slope test, linear regression, and moving t-tests. The comprehensive risk of extreme climate in the region was assessed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results Both extreme high-temperature and extreme low-temperature events showed a decreasing pattern from the downstream to the upstream regions of the Jinsha River Basin. The average temperature difference was higher in the upstream region and lower in the downstream region. The number of frost days showed a decreasing trend, while the growing season length exhibited a slowly increasing trend. In terms of precipitation, annual total precipitation and precipitation intensity increased from the upstream to the downstream regions. In contrast, consecutive dry days were more common in the upstream region and less common in the downstream region. Annual precipitation fluctuated considerably, particularly in the middle and lower reaches. The risk of extreme climate events was higher in the upstream region of the basin and lower in the downstream region. Areas at major risk accounted for 17.8% of the total area, areas at relatively low risk accounted for the largest proportion (28.5%), and areas at low risk accounted for the smallest proportion (3.2%). Conclusion In the Jinsha River Basin, the extreme high-temperature indices are higher in the downstream region, while the annual precipitation is lower in the upstream region than in the downstream region. The upstream region faces a higher comprehensive risk of extreme climate events.
采用的气象数据来自中国气象数据网(https:∥data.cma.cn)提供的中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0)[14],数据集包含了中国824个基准、基本气象站1951年1月以来的气压、气温、降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、风向风速、日照时数和0 cm地温要素的日值数据。数据采集遵循国际气象组织(World Meteorological Organization, WMO)的标准,确保数据的全球可比性和准确性。数据经过质量控制后,1951—2010年各要素数据的质量及完整性相对于以往发布的地面同类数据产品明显提高,各要素项数据的实有率普遍在99%以上,数据的正确率均接近100%。研究提取数据集中金沙江流域气象站1960—2010年的日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温和日降水量的观测数据,基于气候变化监测与极端气候事件指标专家组(Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices, ETCCDI)确定的极端气候指标[15]对数据进行计算,得出流域内的极端气候指数。金沙江流域共77个气象站点,考虑到各站点数据的完整性与可靠性,最终选取76个站点数据计算分析极端气温指数,选取75个站点数据计算分析极端降水指数。
2.2 研究方法
2.2.1 极端气候指数计算
本研究采用的极端气候指数选自世界气象组织(WMO)和世界气候研究计划(World Climate Research Programme, WCRP)等联合成立的气候变化监测与极端气候事件指标专家组(ETCCDI)确定的27个极端气候指标[15]。极端气候指数计算概念清晰、弱极端性、普适性强和显著性强等特点,有利于更加全方位地描述极端气温和极端降水的强度、频率和持续时间等属性[16-17]。由于自定义雨级日数(Rnn)具有一定的主观性,因此本文选择26个极端气候指数研究金沙江流域极端气候的变化情况,其中16个极端温度指数见表1,10个极端降水指数见表2。
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