College of Geomatics,Xi′an University of Science and Technology,Xi′an 710054,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-04-10
2025-05-19
Issue Date
2026-04-15
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摘要
目的 在全球气候变暖背景下,青藏高原草地生态系统结构对气候变化异常敏感,从气象、水文及植被3个方面系统探究青藏高原草地区春季物候时空变化特征及关系,为制定有效的生态风险管理政策提供科学依据。 方法 基于遥感数据分别提取了青藏高原2001—2018年的生长季始期(Start of Thermal Growing Season at 5℃,STGS_5),积雪消融期和草地植被返青期,分析了各物候指标的时空变化特征及定量关系。 结果 (1) 青藏高原草地主要分布在高原亚寒带和北部祁连青东高山盆地高原温带地区,其返青期空间分布随着气候干湿分布呈现从东向西逐渐推迟趋势;STGS_5空间分布整体上从南到北逐渐推迟,同时受海拔影响,在北部的柴达木盆地和祁连青东高山盆地等低海拔区域以及西南雅鲁藏布江河谷地带STGS_5明显较早;积雪消融期空间分布受海拔影响在高山地区积雪消融期普遍较晚,随着海拔的下降积雪消融期逐渐提前,在西部和北部干旱及半干旱地区因降水少消融期明显较早(20~60 d)。高寒草甸区的返青期及STGS_5早于高寒草原区的返青期及STGS_5;(2) 近年来青藏高原草地返青期主要呈现提前趋势,整体提前速率为每10年2.1 d(p<0.05);高寒草甸积雪消融期未表现出显著提前的趋势,而高寒草原区积雪消融期的提前趋势为每10年3.8 d(p<0.05);在高原亚寒带STGS_5存在显著的提前趋势,但返青期在东部湿润区表现出提前,而在干旱区则表现出推迟趋势;(3) 青藏高原的生长季始期与积雪消融期与草地返青期的关系并不明显,后者的变化可能受降水和温度同时控制;特别是在高原半干旱的草原区积雪消融期与草地返青期具有显著的负相关,意味着消融期越晚越有利于当地植被返青期提前。 结论 积雪消融期随海拔降低提前;草地返青期呈东早西迟趋势,高寒草甸区的返青期及STGS_5早于高寒草原区的返青期及STGS_5,气候变暖下东部湿润区返青提前,而干旱区因水分胁迫推迟;返青期受水热共同调控,半干旱区积雪消融越晚(土壤水分增加)反而促进植被返青提前,凸显干旱区积雪—水分耦合对生态过程的关键影响。
Abstract
Objective Under the background of global warming, the grassland ecosystem structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is extremely sensitive to climate change. This study systematically investigates the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and relationships of spring phenology in grassland regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from three aspects: meteorology, hydrology, and vegetation, thereby providing a scientific basis for formulating effective ecological risk management policies. Methods The start of thermal growing season at 5 ℃ (STGS_5), snow cover melt (SCM) period, and start of the growing season (SOS) in grasslands from 2001 to 2018 were extracted based on remote sensing data. The spatiotemporal variations and quantitative relationships of these phenological indicators were analyzed. Results (1) The grasslands on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were mainly distributed in the plateau subfrigid zone and the plateau temperate zone of the northern Qilian-Eastern Qinghai Highland Basin. The spatial distribution of its SOS showed a gradual delay from east to west, corresponding to the distribution of climatic humidity and aridity. The spatial distribution of STGS_5 generally showed a gradual delay from south to north. Meanwhile, influenced by altitude, STGS_5 occurred significantly earlier in low-altitude regions such as the Qaidam Basin and the Qilian-Eastern Qinghai Highland Basin in the north, as well as in the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley in the southwest. The spatial distribution of SCM period was affected by altitude, with SCM generally occurring later in alpine regions. As the altitude decreased, SCM period gradually advanced. In the arid and semi-arid regions of the western and northern parts, the SCM period occurred significantly earlier (20 to 60 days) due to lower precipitation. SOS and STGS_5 in the alpine meadow regions were earlier than those in the alpine grassland regions. (2) In recent years, the SOS in grasslands on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau mainly showed an advancing trend, with an overall advance rate of 2.1 days per decade (p<0.05). The SCM period in alpine meadows did not show a significant advancing trend, while in the alpine grassland regions it advanced at a rate of 3.8 days per decade (p<0.05). Within the plateau subfrigid region, STGS_5 showed a significant advancing trend, while SOS advanced in the eastern humid regions but delayed in the arid regions. (3) The relationship of STGS with SCM and SOS on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was not obvious, and the variation of the latter may be jointly controlled by precipitation and temperature. In particular, in the semi-arid grassland regions, the SCM period and SOS in grasslands showed a significant negative correlation, indicating that later melt was more favorable for earlier SOS of local vegetation. Conclusion SCM period advances with decreasing altitude. The SOS in grasslands shows an earlier onset in the east and a later onset in the west. SOS and STGS_5 in the alpine meadow regions occur earlier than those in the alpine grassland regions. Under climate warming, SOS in the eastern humid regions is earlier, while that in the arid regions is delayed due to water stress. SOS is jointly regulated by water and heat. In semi-arid regions, later SCM (which increases soil moisture) promotes earlier vegetation green-up, highlighting the key impact of the snow-water coupling in arid regions on ecological processes.
在温带地区植物生长主要受温度控制[8],常使用温度阈值界定生长季,用于补充历史缺失的物候数据或者物候模型模拟及预测。例如,0 oC生长季始期(Start of Thermal Growing Season at 0 oC, STGS_0)指示土壤解冻、草本植物开始萌发,5 oC生长季始期(STGS_5)指示草本植物开始返青。然而,植物的生长发育受温度、降水、日照和土壤多种因素影响[9-10],因此在不同地区这种气象物候与水文物候和植物物候的对应关系可能并不完全等效。青藏高原作为地球的第三极,其独特的地理环境造就了其植被生态系统脆弱且对气候变化非常敏感的特性[11],一直是探讨物候变化的热点区域,尤其是春季物候作为生长周期开始阶段备受关注[12-13]。目前,研究表明热生长季始期发生了显著变化,其空间变化主要受纬度和海拔梯度的驱动,三江源地区高山草原STGS_5显著提前的变化趋势与冬季和春季温度的升高有关[14]。在过去的40年里,青藏高原积雪消融期以每1.1 d/10 a的速率提前,青藏高原地区积雪消融期整体上随着海拔高度降低而逐渐提前[15-17]。总而言之,前人研究多关注植物返青期的变化及其影响因素,然而忽略了各物候指标的联系,鉴于此,上述气象、水文和植被春季物候指标时空变化特征及关系值得探究,同时青藏高原地区气象、水文与植被物候的差异需要被明晰。
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