Runoff generation and confluence characteristics on cross-slopes with ridge tillage under rainstorm conditions and their response to microtopographic variations
Objective Surface microtopographic variations inevitably affect the characteristics of slope runoff generation and confluence. Clarifying the characteristics of runoff generation and confluence on cross-slopes with ridge tillage and their relationship with microtopographic variations provides support for the effective prevention and control of regional soil and water loss. Methods An indoor artificial rainfall simulation method was used to study microtopographic variations and the runoff generation and confluence characteristics of cross-slopes with ridge tillage under different ridge heights (5, 10, 15 cm) and ridge distances (50, 70, 90 cm). The responses of runoff generation and confluence on different slopes to microtopographic variations were analyzed. Results (1) The surface roughness of each slope increased with increasing ridge height (H) and ridge distance (L), and the effect of ridge height (r=0.92, p<0.01) was much greater than that of ridge distance (r=0.14). (2) Structural hydrological connectivity decreased as the ratio of ridge distance to height (L/H) decreased, while functional hydrological connectivity was lower on cross-slopes with L/H values ranging from 4.7 to 5.0, and the hydrologically connected area ratio decreased by 37.95% compared with the average. (3) The initial runoff generation time first increased and then decreased with L/H, reaching the longest duration (40 min) on the slope with medium-dense ridge (5.0 L/H ). The runoff confluence patterns on each slope were mainly parallel, and the confluence networks exhibited distinct mono-fractal evolution characteristics. Both the complexity and self-similarity of these networks were significantly positively correlated with L/H. (4) The direct effect values of surface microtopography on runoff confluence and generation were 0.871 (p<0.01) and -0.711 (p>0.05), respectively, and microtopographic variations indirectly affected slope runoff generation by directly influencing the confluence process. Conclusion In the study area, cross-slopes with ridge tillage and L/H values between 4.7~5.0 demonstrate the optimal regulation of slope runoff generation and confluence. These findings are helpful for the rational layout of cross-slopes with ridge tillage and effective prevention and control of regional soil and water loss.
由图10可知,地表微地形对坡面产汇流特征的影响可以较好地构建偏最小而成路径模型(PLS-PM),模型整体的拟合优度(Goodness of Fit,GOF)为0.694,地表微地形对产流特征的直接效应值为-0.711(p>0.05),对汇流特征的直接效应值为0.871(p<0.01),进而间接影响坡面产流的效应较弱(-0.199),坡面汇流对产流的直接效应值为-0.229。
WangN N, ZhengZ C, LiT X, et al. Soil surface roughness impacts erosion behavior through selective regulation of flow properties in rainfall-seepage scenarios[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2025,246:106350.
[2]
YangS Q, HanR Y, XingL, et al. Effect of slope farmland soil and water and soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss based on different crop and straw applications and ridge patterns in the basin of the main stream of the Songhua River[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018,38(1):42-47.
[3]
PengQ, LiuB Y, HuY X, et al. The role of conventional tillage in agricultural soil erosion[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2023,348:108407.
SangQ M, WangL, ZhengF L, et al. Comparative study on hillslope soil erosion between sloping ridge-tillage and longitudinal ridge-tillage in Chinese mollisol region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020,34(3):73-78.
[6]
JiaL Z, ZhaoW W, ZhaiR J, et al. Quantifying the effects of contour tillage in controlling water erosion in China: a meta-analysis[J]. Catena, 2020,195:104829.
[7]
RaoW L, ZhangQ F, QianZ Y, et al. Microtopographic response of tilled loess slopes during stages of water erosion development[J]. Catena, 2024,245:108309.
[8]
StevensC J, QuintonJ N, BaileyA P, et al. The effects of minimal tillage, contour cultivation and in-field vegetative barriers on soil erosion and phosphorus loss[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009,106(1):145-151.
[9]
LiuQ J, ZhangH Y, AnJ, et al. Soil erosion processes on row sideslopes within contour ridging systems[J]. Catena, 2014,115:11-18.
[10]
LiuQ J, ShiZ H, YuX X, et al. Influence of microtopography, ridge geometry and rainfall intensity on soil erosion induced by contouring failure[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2014,136:1-8.
AnJ, YinX L, LiG H, et al. Interactive influence of raindrop impact and seepage on soil erosion process within contour ridge system[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2021,35(1):50-55,64.
HeZ Y, HeS Q, LuC Q, et al. Study on characteristics of slope erosion sediment production and hydrodynamics in arid valley area of Dadu River Basin[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2023,32(4):832-841.
ZhuS Q, ZhaoG R, AnT X, et al. Effects of microtopography difference of different sowing patterns on soil and water loss in sloping farmland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2023,37(3):43-51.
XieY R, ChengJ H, LiY C, et al. Effect of soil crust and ridge height on runoff producting and sediment yield in loess area[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2017,48(10):42-49.
YangR J, HeS Q, LuC Q, et al. Runoff and sediment yield characteristics and soil and water conservation benefits of cross ridge slope in arid valley of Dadu River[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022,36(6):16-22.
LuS N, LiR R, YaoC, et al. Study on the effects of counter tillage on runoff and sediment yield and process of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss on sloping farmland[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2024,61(5):1271-1283.
CuiX F, LiuJ Y, YinZ, et al. The impact of slope and vegetation coverage on soil erosion characteristics of tidal soil slopes[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2025,53(4):117-125.
[25]
LuoJ, ZhengZ C, LiT X, et al. Assessing the impacts of microtopography on soil erosion under simulated rainfall, using a multifractal approach[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2018,32(16):2543-2556.
AnL L, ZhengZ C, WangY D, et al. Effects of tillage practices on runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss from yellow soil sloping farmland during maize growth periods[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022,36(5):75-81,89.
[28]
KuipersH. A reliefmeter for soil cultivation studies[J]. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 1957,5(4):255-262.
[29]
BevenK J, KirkbyM J. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology / Un modèle à base physique de zone d'appel variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant[J]. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, 1979,24(1):43-69.
[30]
芮孝芳,蒋成煜,张金存.流域水文模型的发展[J].水文,2006,26(3):22-26.
[31]
RuiX F, JiangC Y, ZhangJ C. Development of watershed hydrologic models[J]. Journal of China Hydrology, 2006,26(3):22-26.
WangS P, YaoA K, ZhaoX C. Analyzing hydrological connectivity for a slope-surface on the basis of rainfall simulation experiment[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014,25(4):526-533.
[34]
NayakS R, MishraJ, JenaP M. Fractal analysis of image sets using differential box counting techniques[J]. International Journal of Information Technology, 2018,10(1):39-47.
ZhouC N, WangQ Z, TangK, et al. Characteristics of surface confluence network in different micro-topography types of purple soil slope farmland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022,36(2):146-152.
LiZ G, LiangX L, HuangH L, et al. Effect of surface land fluctuation on overland flow in sloping farmland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020,34(2):71-77,85.
SiD Y, ZhangJ C, MinJ J, et al. The factors affecting the starting time of slope runoff based on the rainfall simulation for the yellow soil in south Jiangsu[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013,27(5):184-189.
[41]
ZhaoL S, FangQ, HouR, et al. Effect of rainfall intensity and duration on soil erosion on slopes with different microrelief patterns[J]. Geoderma, 2021,396:115085.
ZhangL C, LiuY J, LiZ X, et al. Characteristics of the soil surface flow networks on red soil sloping farmland under rainfall simulation[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019,26(1):53-60.
[44]
WangS, StraussP, YaoA, et al. Assessing hydrological connectivity development by using a photogrammetric technique with relative surface connection function(RSCf) in a plot-scale experiment[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018,73(5):518-532.
[45]
LuoJ, ZhengZ C, LiT X, et al. Impact of tillage-induced microtopography on hydrological-sediment connectivity and its hydrodynamic understanding[J]. Catena, 2023,228:107168.