Objective This study analyzes the dynamic characteristics of stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) and carbon content across ecosystem components, and reveals the carbon-water-soil feedback mechanisms between biological communities and abiotic environments, aiming to provide a scientific basis for enhancing ecosystem management efficiency and addressing climate change. Methods Taking five typical vegetation species Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla, Betula fruticosa, Ledum palustre in the cold-temperate selective cutting forest ecosystem of the Greater Xing′an Mountains, and Pyrola incarnata, as the study subjects, this study analyzed the seasonal carbon transfer dynamics and influencing mechanisms along the vertical gradient of the δ13C values and carbon contents in the atmosphere, leaves and branches (stems), litter, and soil across different vegetation layers. Results (1) Atmospheric CO₂ and δ¹³C showed distinct vertical differentiation at different heights, with significant gradient variations. (2) The δ¹³C and carbon content in leaves and branches of typical vegetation species showed distinct seasonal fluctuations corresponding to growth stages. At the early growth stage, trees, shrubs, and herbs all exhibited high carbon content and high water use efficiency. During the peak growth period, they showed a low water use efficiency with carbon accumulation in leaves. At the late growth stage, trees, shrubs, and herbs adopted conservative water use strategies, with carbon in the leaves being reallocated to storage organs. (3) Significant differences were observed in organic carbon content and δ¹³C between litter and soil. Soil organic carbon displayed a distinct pattern of “higher in spring, lower in summer”, decreasing vertically along the soil profile, while soil δ¹³C became progressively enriched with depth. (4) The atmosphere-vegetation-soil continuum of trees exhibited stronger responses to environmental factors compared to shrubs and herbs, and the selective cutting forest ecosystem demonstrated significant carbon sink capacity. Conclusion The seasonal carbon dynamics in the continuous carbon pool of selective cutting forest ecosystems are pronounced and driven significantly by environmental factors. These characteristics, combined with high vegetation carbon input and stable soil carbon pool, constitute the carbon sink advantage of selective cutting forests. These findings provide quantifiable decision-making indicators for enhancing carbon sinks while implementing coordinated soil-water conservation management in cold-temperate forests.
5种典型植被的叶片、枝条和茎干的碳含量显著差异(表2)。兴安落叶松叶片碳含量范围为46.83%~49.32%,白桦45.53%~51.75%、柴桦在47.66%~48.85%、杜香50.2%~53.51%、红花鹿蹄草在45.72%~50.24%。生长季叶片平均碳含量杜香(52.48%)、红花鹿蹄草(49.46%)、柴桦(48.51%)、白桦(48.77%)、兴安落叶松(48.11%),植物叶片碳含量的差异主要由其生长策略和次生代谢特征决定。各典型植被的叶片与枝条(茎干)的δ13C在生长季存在显著差异。兴安落叶松叶片δ13C l 范围为-30.17‰~-27.08‰、白桦-30.73‰~-26.68‰,柴桦为-31.32‰~-27.93‰、杜香为-30.89‰~-29.10‰、红花鹿蹄草为-30.57‰~-29.05‰。叶片δ13Cl值则呈现兴安落叶松(-28.74‰)、白桦(-29.17‰)、柴桦(-29.62‰)、杜香(-29.65‰)、红花鹿蹄草(-30.21‰)。白桦和红花鹿蹄草的枝条和茎干比叶片的δ13C含量要更富集,而兴安落叶松、柴桦和杜香则呈现出枝茎比叶片贫化的状态,这是因为其碳同化转运路径的阶段性分馏差异及次生代谢物合成偏好差异[15]。5种典型植被随生长期基本呈现生长初期叶片、枝条(茎干)碳含量和δ13C值较高;在生长旺盛期,叶片碳含量呈上升趋势,枝条碳含量变幅不大,枝条叶片的δ13C多呈下降趋势;到生长后期,叶片碳含量骤降,而枝条、茎干碳含量除杜香外均上升,乔木的枝叶δ13C值在该时期继续下降,林下植被则因为乔木落叶解除光限制,δ13C值小幅回升(图4,图5)。
2.4 大气-植被-凋落物及土壤有机碳及δ13C值统计特征
不同高度气体的δ13C a 值变化范围为-11.46‰~-9.96‰,平均值-10.88‰,比叶片富集18.59‰;乔灌草叶片的δ13Cl值范围为-31.57‰~-26.68‰,平均值-29.47‰,比土壤(-25.67‰)贫化3.8‰;土壤δ13Cs在0—100 cm的垂向剖面上,深层相对表层富集1.86‰。从大气到植被再到土壤δ13Cs的贫化和富集趋势受到光合作用、微生物分解以及有机质来源等多个方面的影响。
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