1.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control,College of Soil and Water;Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
Objective To quantitatively describe the splash characteristics of soil particles, reveal the transport mechanism of splash erosion, and provide a theoretical foundation for developing soil erosion models based on physical processes. Methods Simulated rainfall and high-speed photography were used to measure the mass and velocity of splashed soil particles of 1~5 mm soil aggregates with different soil texture under different slopes, and to analyze the transfer and conversion of raindrop kinetic energy. Results (1) Higher soil aggregate stability resulted in lower splash velocity and splash mass. (2) Splash velocity towards upslope and downslope significantly decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing slope gradient. Quantitative relationships between splash velocity, soil aggregate stability, and slope gradient were established. (3) Soil aggregate stability had a greater effect on splash velocity towards upslope than towards downslope. (4) The more stable the soil aggregates were, the less kinetic energy the splashed particles had. The kinetic energy of splashed particles increased with increasing slope. Conclusion Slope has a significant effect on splash velocity in both upslope and downslope directions. Soil aggregate stability has a greater effect on upslope splash velocity than on downslope. A large proportion of the raindrop kinetic energy was converted into thermal energy for breaking down soil aggregates and forming splash craters, while the kinetic energy of the splashed soil particles accounted for only 0.052%~0.330%. Splashed soil particles are mainly carried by the drag force of the liquid film.
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