Objective This study aims to reveal the driving mechanisms of ecosystem service (ES) supply and demand from holistic and local perspectives, thereby providing support for ecological conservation and restoration practices in territorial spatial planning. Methods The InVEST model was employed to evaluate carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and water yield services in the Sanchuan River Basin in the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. By effectively integrating partial correlation networks and partial dependence analysis, both the overall correlation structure of supply-demand network and specific driving thresholds were revealed. Results (1) Over the past 20 years, the overall carbon sequestration supply showed an increasing trend, while the demand grew more sharply, resulting in a consistently negative supply-demand ratio (SDR). The spatial distribution of high-deficit areas overlapped with midstream and downstream industrial and urban areas. Over the 20-year period, soil conservation supply and demand fluctuated with an increasing trend, and the SDR exhibited a spatial mismatch pattern characterized by high surplus in the east and high deficit in the west. Water yield supply and demand both exhibited an increasing trend, with the SDR fluctuating between deficit and surplus. By 2020, the entire river basin had returned to a surplus state, with the SDR increasing by 332% compared to the year 2000. (2) The constructed ES supply-demand-influencing factor network exhibited moderate connectivity density. Factors such as land use, annual precipitation, and population density were nodes with relatively high connection strength and centrality within the network, acting as key factors influencing multiple ES supply-demand relationships and maintaining the network′s structural stability. (3) The impact of population density on the carbon sequestration SDR exhibited a three-stage non-linear driving characteristic, with its negative effect being most sensitive in the range of <200 persons/km2. Cropland was the most important negative driving factor of the soil conservation SDR, and its impact was particularly significant when cropland proportion ranged between 20% and 40%. The water yield SDR increased rapidly when grassland proportion was <25% and SDR stabilized after grassland proportion exceeded 25%. Conclusion The effective integration of partial correlation network and partial dependence analysis offers a novel approach for revealing the driving mechanisms of ES supply and demand, providing richer perspectives and reference for ecological conservation and restoration.
式中:SEP x 为栅格单元x的潜在土壤流失量;Rx 为降雨侵蚀力因子;Kx 为土壤可蚀性因子;LSx 为地形因子;SED x 为实际土壤流失量;Cx 为植被覆盖与管理因子;Px 为水土保持措施因子;SES x 为土壤保持供给量;SDR x 为泥沙输移比;INT x 为对上坡输出泥沙的拦截量。将实际土壤流失量(SED x )作为土壤保持需求量。
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