Objective This study aims to elucidate the impact of glyphosate application on the transport process of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in karst soils under extreme rainfall conditions. The findings provide critical insights for guiding pesticide management, controlling non-point source pollution, and safeguarding ecological security. Methods A dual-layer experimental setup was constructed using variable-slope steel flumes to simulate the microtopography of karst surfaces and subsurface fissure structures. Artificial rainfall simulations were conducted under three rainfall intensities (60, 100 and 120 mm/h) and three slope gradients (10°, 15° and 25°) to investigate the effects of glyphosate application on DOC migration in karst soils. Results Under varying rainfall intensities, DOC concentrations in surface runoff, interflow and underground flow ranged from 52.6~63.4 mg/L, 38.5~44.1 mg/L, 27.4~33.4 mg/L, respectively. Following glyphosate application, DOC levels in these flow paths changed by 52.7%~84.1%, 16.6%~33.6%, -17.0%~1.0%, respectively. DOC was mainly transported via surface and underground flows, with surface runoff being the dominant pathway under extreme rainfall. Rainfall intensity and slope were identified as key environmental factors influencing DOC transport. Conclusion Glyphosate application significantly increases DOC loss in karst soils, potentially threatening soil and water quality in surrounding areas and exacerbating the carbon source effect in treated regions.
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