Objective This study aims to understand the evolution trend of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and analyze its intrinsic relationship with climate change and human activities, thereby providing a scientific basis for achieving the science-informed and efficient management of regional ecosystems. Methods Based on MODIS NDVI remote sensing data and meteorological data, this study investigated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of FVC in the Haihe River Basin from 2001 to 2022 by utilizing trend analysis, time-lag partial correlation, and residual analysis methods. Results (1) The FVC in the Haihe River Basin exhibited a slight upward trend, with a growth rate of 0.000 3/a. The annual mean values ranged from 0.66 to 0.73, and its spatial distribution showed a pattern of being lower in the northwest and higher in the southeast. (2) The correlation between FVC and precipitation (maximum partial correlation coefficient: 0.83) was stronger than that with temperature (0.76). Furthermore, the lag effect of FVC on precipitation was more significant, with an average lag period of 2.9 months. (3) The synergistic effects of climate change and human activities were the main causes of FVC changes. Areas where these two factors jointly contributed to vegetation improvement and degradation accounted for 43.58% and 33.84%, respectively. Climate change exerted positive contributions to vegetation growth in 46.79% of the areas, while human activities had a beneficial impact on 45.36% of the areas. Conclusion The vegetation cover in the Haihe River Basin exhibited a fluctuating increase. The response of FVC to climatic factors shows significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity and lag effects, and the synergistic effects of climate change and human activities dominate the evolution of vegetation cover.
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