Objective This study aims to investigate changes in ecosystem service supply and demand across transboundary river basins and clarify the supply-demand balance of ecosystem services in the Yalu River Basin, thereby providing scientific references for sustainable development across the entire region and international cooperation. Methods Using the InVEST model, ArcGIS, and other tools, the supply and demand of carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and soil conservation service were evaluated across the entire Yalu River Basin from 1990 to 2020, and their spatiotemporal evolution and supply-demand ratios were analyzed. Then, based on the SWAT model, sub-watersheds were divided and the differences among sub-units in each river basin were analyzed. Results (1) During the study period, both carbon sequestration and habitat quality service supply showed declining trends, with similar spatial distributions. The soil conservation service showed a fluctuating increase, and the high-value areas spread from the western to the eastern part of the river basin. (2) The demand for various ecosystem services showed a generally consistent upward trend. The spatial distributions of carbon sequestration and habitat quality were largely identical, and the high-demand areas for soil conservation spread to the eastern and middle-upper reaches of the river basin. (3) The spatial distribution of various services showed the characteristics of an imbalance between supply and demand on the grid scale. At the sub-watershed scale, the spatial variation of supply-demand ratio was small, and the high values of carbon sequestration and habitat quality were concentrated in the eastern part of the river basin. The high-value areas of soil conservation service were concentrated in the western part of the river basin. Conclusion The Yalu River Basin exhibits a pronounced mismatch between ecosystem service supply and demand, with an imbalance in supply-demand alignment. It is recommended that China and North Korea should establish a cross-border ecological management cooperation mechanism to jointly promote ecological conservation in the Yalu River Basin.
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