Objective This study aims to investigate the evolutionary patterns of soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains, thereby providing scientific references for formulating differentiated soil and water conservation and control strategies and ensuring ecological security. Methods Based on the RUSLE model, the spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. The CA-Markov model was used to predict soil erosion sensitivity in 2025 and 2030, and the geodetector was used to quantitatively analyze the driving mechanisms behind the changes in soil erosion sensitivity. Results (1) The overall soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains was mainly insensitive, and the degree of sensitivity showed a trend of alleviation. The area of insensitive regions first decreased and then increased, while that of slightly sensitive regions increased year by year. The areas of moderately, highly, and extremely sensitive regions all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The spatial distribution of soil erosion sensitivity showed notable differences, and the spatial change characteristics were relatively consistent. Overall, it showed a spatial distribution pattern of high sensitivity in the southwest and low sensitivity in the northeast. (2) Vegetation cover and annual average precipitation were the main driving factors affecting soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains. The interaction between factors was primarily manifested as nonlinear enhancement. Compared to the interaction between other factors, the interaction of vegetation cover had a more significant influence. (3) The soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains was projected to show an overall improving trend in the next 5~10 years. The areas of insensitive and slightly sensitive regions were projected to increase, while the areas of moderately, highly, and extremely sensitive regions were projected to decrease. Conclusion The soil erosion sensitivity in the Hengduan Mountains is effectively controlled in general, exhibiting a distinct dynamic pattern. The vegetation cover plays a significant role in driving these changes. In the future, it is necessary to implement zonal management based on the degree of soil erosion sensitivity and adopt targeted strategies for soil erosion protection and control.
水土流失是在水力、风力、重力等共同作用下,地表土体和母质出现损坏、分离、搬运及沉积的现象。其产生与演变和地理地质状况息息相关,是众多自然要素与人为活动共同作用下的综合产物。水土流失会破坏土地资源,降低土地生产力,削弱林草地保水能力,甚至诱发滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害。泥沙入河还会抬高河床、淤积河道,威胁水利设施安全。这些问题严重危害土壤结构、农业生产、水生态环境,已成为全球重大环境问题之一,制约着经济社会的可持续发展[1]。水土流失敏感性评价旨在识别与划分潜在高风险区域,评估人类活动对水土流失的敏感性[2]。水土流失敏感性评价能为防治提供决策依据,明确防治重点并优化措施布局,减少资源流失,对制定水土保持措施意义重大。目前,土壤侵蚀量被视为评估水土流失程度的重要量化指标。土壤侵蚀模型不仅为研究水土流失的分布特征与演变规律提供了理论基础,还被广泛应用于其动态过程的预测。因此,多数学者常利用此类模型对水土流失的敏感性进行分析与评价。Wischmeier等[3]于20世纪60年代提出了通用土壤流失方程(Universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE),该模型至今仍是水土流失研究领域最具影响力的工具之一。USLE作为经典模型奠定了土壤侵蚀的理论框架,但其简化假设和静态特性限制了复杂场景下的应用精度。修正的通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE)由美国农业部在1993年颁布[4]。RUSLE通过优化影响因子、改进算法,显著提升了模型的适应性和预测能力,成为当前水土流失研究的主流模型。横断山区位于青藏高原东南缘,承担着连接云贵高原与青藏高原之间生态与地理过渡带的枢纽功能。横断山区作为我国西南地区重要的生态功能区,在水源涵养、水土保持、气候调节等方面发挥着关键作用,是长江、澜沧江、怒江等重要江河的生态屏障。同时,该地区也是生态脆弱区,生态系统易受干扰,且在全球碳循环中具有重要意义。因此,对横断山区开展水土流失敏感性分析与预测研究,建立相应的评价模型,有助于揭示其敏感性在时空上的演变特征,旨在为该区域水土流失相关研究提供科学依据,并为横断山区加强关键区域生态维护、合理布局国土空间规划和生态系统修复提供理论支持。
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