Objective This study investigates and simulates the dynamic changes in stem sap flow of Robinia pseudoacacia artificial forests with different degrees of degradation and their responses to environmental factors, so as to provide a scientific basis for predicting forest transpiration water consumption, analyzing the degradation mechanism of R. pseudoacacia artificial forests, and adjusting stand structure. Methods The thermal dissipation sap flow meter was employed to continuously monitor the stem sap flow of R. pseudoacacia with different degrees of degradation in the Hedong Sandy Area of Ningxia. A neural network model was utilized to simulate and investigate the response processes and differences of stem sap flow in trees of different stands to environmental factors. Additionally, the applicability of different models was comparatively analyzed. Results (1) Compared with non-degraded R. pseudoacacia forests, the correlation between the stem sap flow rate of moderately degraded R. pseudoacacia and solar radiation and air temperature increased, while the correlation with relative humidity and saturated vapor pressure deficit decreased. In contrast, the correlation between the sap flow rate of severely degraded R. pseudoacacia and solar radiation decreased, but the correlations with relative humidity and saturated vapor pressure deficit increased by 22.0% and 18.3% respectively. (2) There was a ‘time-lag hysteresis loop’ relationship between the sap flow rates of R. pseudoacacia at different levels of degradation and atmospheric environmental factors. As the degradation level intensified, the self-regulatory ability of leaf stomata gradually became imbalanced, and the response to changes in environmental factors became more complex. (3) Compared with the traditional BP neural network model, when predicting the sap flow rates of non-degraded and moderately degraded R. pseudoacacia, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of the model integrated with the sparrow search algorithm increased by 27.9% and 38.5% respectively, and the coefficients of determination were increased by 24.0% and 38.1% respectively. When predicting the sap flow rate of severely degraded R. pseudoacacia, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the coefficient of determination of the BP neural network optimized model with the genetic algorithm added were increased by 17.3% and 11.3% respectively. Conclusion The introduction of the sparrow search algorithm and the genetic algorithm can significantly reduce the error of the neural network model, better simulate and predict the dynamic changes of sap flow in R. pseudoacacia artificial forests with different degrees of degradation, and demonstrates strong applicability.
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