Objective This study aims to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land use and its carbon storage effects in Shaanxi Province from 1980 to 2020, explore the driving mechanism of land use pattern evolution on carbon storage, and predict the differential effects of future land use on carbon storage based on multi-scenario simulations, thereby providing scientific support for the implementation of carbon neutrality strategy at the provincial scale. Methods Based on land use data, carbon density data, and land use driving factors from 1980 to 2020, the land use dynamic degree index method and transfer matrix were employed to analyze the land use evolution characteristics. The InVEST model was applied to estimate carbon storage changes, and the FLUS model was used to simulate the land use pattern and carbon storage effects in 2030 under three scenarios: natural development, cultivated land protection, and ecological protection. Results (1) From 1980 to 2020, the land use pattern in Shaanxi Province remained generally stable. Farmland decreased by 17 294.52 km2 and other land decreased by 2 423.89 km2, while forest land, grassland, water body, and construction land increased by 2 422.14 km2, 8 468.97 km2, 373.11 km2, and 8 454.19 km2, respectively. The most dramatic changes occurred from 2000 to 2020, with construction land showing the highest dynamic degree. (2) The carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in Shaanxi Province decreased cumulatively by 2.01 Tg. The expansion of construction land led to a decrease of 27.77 Tg and was the main driving factor. The carbon storage of forest land increased by 21.29 Tg, mitigating carbon loss. Spatially, carbon storage showed a distribution pattern of “high in the south and low in the north”. (3) The multi-scenario simulations for 2030 indicated that under the ecological protection scenario, carbon storage increased by 6.07×10⁶ t. Under the natural development scenario, it decreased by 2.69×10⁶ t. Under the cultivated land protection scenario, it decreased by 3.684×107 t. The ecological protection scenario was the only pathway that achieved enhanced carbon sequestration. Conclusion Driven by both policies and urbanization, the expansion of construction land is the core factor leading to carbon storage decline, while forest land expansion can effectively mitigate carbon loss. In the future, it is essential to optimize the land use pattern, seek a balance between cultivated land protection and ecological restoration, and support the achievement of the carbon neutrality goal.
土地作为人类活动的空间基础,不仅是社会经济发展的重要生存资源与生产要素,还维系着气候、土壤、水文、植被等生态平衡并促进区域可持续发展的功能[1]。土地利用变化是有限土地资源在不同主导功能间进行数量与结构调整,以及空间配置变化与迁移的动态过程[2-3],是气候变化、生态系统变化、人类脆弱性等变化的主要驱动因素之一,其通过改变生态系统的空间格局,影响生态环境的结构与功能,是气候变化、生态系统演变和人类脆弱性等多种变化的重要驱动因素之一[4]。研究土地利用变化不仅有助于揭示区域环境演变规律,也是国际地圈生物圈计划(International Geosphere-Biosphere Progra-mme, IGBP)和国际全球环境变化人文因素计划(International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, IHDP)的核心内容[5-6],因而成为全球学术界关注的重点领域。
在研究方法上,根据不同尺度和精度,多结合清单法[9]、生态系统过程模型(CASA, CENTURY, Biome-BGC)[10]、遥感监测和实测结合[14]、生态系统服务评估模型(InVEST碳储量模块)[15],而InVEST能够在区域尺度快速评估不同土地利用格局下的碳储量效应,因而得到广泛应用。此外,相关研究多停留在历史时段的碳储量测算与归因分析,缺少对未来情景的系统模拟,近年来,FLUS(Future Land Use Simulation)模型因引入人工神经网络和自适应惯性竞争机制,被广泛用于未来土地利用格局的空间模拟,与常规的CLUE-S,CA-Markov等模型相比,FLUS模型更适合刻画快速城市化与生态保护政策双重驱动下的土地利用动态演变[16]。
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