Key Laboratory of Crop Production and Smart Agriculture in Yunnan Province,College ofAgriculture and Biotechnology,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China
Objective This study investigates soil erosion pattern in silage corn-soybean intercropping systems under varying planting densities on sloping farmland, aiming to provide a scientific basis for promoting rational close planting intercropping models with enhanced soil and water conservation efficacy. Methods Using a 2∶3 silage corn-soybean intercropping pattern (two corn rows intercropped with three soybean rows), simulated rainfall experiments were conducted across slope gradients (10°, 15°, 20°) and rainfall intensities (40, 80, 120 mm/h). Five corn intercropping density treatments (T1—T5: 52 500, 60 000, 67 500, 75 000, 82 500 plants per hectare) were established, with soybean density being fixed at 180 000 plants per hectare. Control groups included T6 (corn monoculture, high density: 82 500 plants per hectare), T7 (corn monoculture, conventional density: 67 500 plants per hectare), and T8 (soybean monoculture: 300 000 plants per hectare). Results Compared with treatments T1, T2, and T4—T8, T3 demonstrated average reductions in surface runoff volume of 59.31%, 43.67%, 20.57%, 15.00%, 40.95%, 62.01%, and 16.40%, and in soil erosion of 61.52%, 50.73%, 27.10%, 17.62%, 43.48%, 66.22%, and 8.47%, respectively. The PLS-SEM structural model revealed that slope gradient exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with infiltration time (p<0.01) while showing a highly significant positive correlation with soil erosion (p<0.01). Slope gradient, rainfall intensity, and runoff volume primarily aggravated soil erosion through direct effects, whereas infiltration time increased erosion mainly via indirect effects. Furthermore, under conditions of low rainfall intensity and gentle slopes, the soybean monoculture system (T8) demonstrated superior soil and water conservation performance. Conclusion In summary, at a corn intercropping density of 67 500 plants per hectare, this system demonstrates effective soil and water conservation across varying rainfall intensities and slope gradients, making it a suitable diversified cropping model for sloping farmland in mountainous areas.
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