Objective This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and trade-off and synergy relationships of multifunctional cultivated land in Central Yunnan, providing support for the coordinated optimization and sustainable management of regional cultivated land resources. Methods Taking 42 counties (cities) in Central Yunnan as evaluation units, a multifunctional cultivated land evaluation system was constructed. The Spearman′s rank correlation analysis method, bivariate spatial autocorrelation model and K-means cluster analysis method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and trade-off and synergy relationships of cultivated land multifunctionality from 2010 to 2020. Central Yunnan was divided into four major cultivated land utilization functional zones. Results (1) From 2010 to 2020, the agricultural production function of cultivated land in Central Yunnan showed an upward trend, the ecological environment function first increased and then decreased, the social security function showed a clear growth trend, and the landscape pattern function remained basically stable.(2) During the study period, the ecological environment-social security function was in a trade-off relationship, and the rest were in a synergistic relationship. The synergy between agricultural production and the ecological environment weakened, the synergy between agricultural production and social security strengthened, the synergy between social security and landscape pattern strengthened, and the synergies between the landscape pattern and both agricultural production and the ecological environment weakened.(3) The Central Yunnan region was divided into four multifunctional types of areas based on counties (cities): agricultural production-dominated area (33.33%), ecological agriculture area (19.05%), landscape agriculture area (14.29%), and agriculture-social security area (33.33%), and optimization pathways were proposed. Conclusion From 2010 to 2020, the evolution of cultivated land multifunctionality in Central Yunnan exhibited differentiated trajectories and functional relationships driven by both trade-offs and synergies. Based on this analysis, four functional zones and optimization pathways are established, providing a scientific basis for high-quality regional agricultural development and sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources.
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