Objective This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns and driving factors of soil erosion in the alpine-canyon region of Kangding, Sichuan Province, from 2000 to 2020, thereby providing a scientific basis for soil and water conservation strategies in alpine-canyon regions. Methods The study integrated the InVEST model and geodetector to construct an analysis framework of “process simulation-spatial representation-driving factor analysis”. Based on the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) module of the InVEST model and the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.7 software, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of regional soil erosion were simulated and its spatial patterns were visualized. Geodetector was applied to quantitatively analyze the independent influence and synergistic effects of natural factors and human activities on soil erosion. Results (1) The soil erosion intensity in the study area showed significant spatial differentiation. The eastern forested areas were dominated by very slight erosion, the central and western grassland areas were mainly subjected to slight to moderate erosion, and the high-elevation and steep-slope areas with less vegetation cover were dominated by strong, very strong, and severe erosion. (2) The results of the InVEST model showed that the average soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2020 exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. It decreased from 3 966.1 t/(km² · a) in 2000 to 3 404.7 t/(km² · a) in 2015, and increased to 4 299.6 t/(km² · a) in 2020. (3) In the study area, the soil erosion area was the largest in the slope range of 15°~30°, accounting for 42.29%, and within the elevation range of 4 000~5 000 m, accounting for 50.94%. Overall, with the increase of slope and elevation, the proportion of strong, very strong, and severe erosion increased. (4) Rainfall erosivity and soil texture type had a certain impact on the erosion pattern, mainly affecting the distribution of strong and very strong erosion, but they were not the dominant factors. (5) The results of geodetector showed that land use type played a leading role in the erosion pattern (explanatory power 64%), among which the land use type with the highest erosion intensity was bare land, dominated by strong, very strong, and severe erosion. When land use type interacted with other factors, the explanatory power for soil erosion in the study area increased, and the interaction effects between land use type and slope were the most significant (explanatory power 78%), indicating that the coupling of human activities and natural factors would exacerbate the erosion process. Conclusion From 2000 to 2020, the annual average soil erosion modulus in the study area showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. High elevation and steep slopes are the main natural driving factors of soil erosion in the alpine-canyon region, while land use type plays a leading role in the erosion pattern. The interaction between steep slopes and land use exhibits the strongest explanatory power, reaching 78%. The findings can provide a reference for soil erosion control in the study area and similar regions.
目前,土壤侵蚀相关研究主要在土壤侵蚀驱动力、土壤侵蚀时空变化、土壤侵蚀过程及机理等领域展开,土壤侵蚀模拟研究中广泛应用了可定量化的土壤侵蚀预测模型,主要分为三大类:数学经验模型、物理过程模型和分布式模型[7]。国内外普遍采用RUSLE/USLE模型估算区域的土壤侵蚀量,USLE最早由Wischmeier等于1965年提出[8],随后美国农业部于1997年提出了修正通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE)[9]。国内学者在RUSLE的基础上,提出了改进后的中国通用土壤流失方程(Chinese Soil Loss Equation, CSLE)[10]。但是上述模型均为数学经验模型,并未考虑土壤侵蚀物理过程的影响,有学者陆续提出了基于物理过程的土壤侵蚀模型,例如EUROSEM[11]。随着土壤侵蚀相关研究的进行,生态系统服务与权衡综合评估模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs, InVEST)逐渐完善,在该模型中集成了泥沙输移比模块(Sediment Delivery Ratio, SDR),相较于USLE/RUSLE模型,InVEST模型在其基础上进行了改进,不仅可以融入部分土壤侵蚀物理过程特性,使计算结果更加准确,还可以配合其他相关软件进行分析与结果输出,使评价结果更加直观[12]。InVEST模型因其优势在近年来被多位学者用于土壤侵蚀研究,在国内被运用于额尔齐斯河流域[13]、临沂市[14]、大清河流域[15]等区域的土壤侵蚀研究,可见InVEST模型适用于区域土壤侵蚀研究。地理探测器是一种能够揭示地理空间要素与其驱动因子之间关联关系的分析工具,该方法相较于传统统计方法具有显著优势,不仅能够突破变量处理的技术限制,还可通过交互作用检测解析多个影响因子对因变量的协同作用机制[16],弥补了传统研究方法的不足,使其在土壤侵蚀驱动机制研究中愈加成熟。
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