Objective This study conducts experimental research on surface runoff, sediment yield, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss under different rainfall types, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of soil, water, and nutrient losses from slope farmland in the red soil regions of southern China. Methods Taking typical red soil slope farmland in the Jiangxi Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Science and Technology Park as the study site, this study focused on the experimental area under a summer peanut-winter rapeseed rotation, and employed K-means clustering analysis to analyze the driving effects of different rainfall types on runoff, sediment yield, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss. Results (1) During the experimental period, rainfall was classified into Type I (low rainfall, short duration, high intensity), Type Ⅱ(moderate rainfall, moderate duration, moderate intensity), and Type Ⅲ (high rainfall, long duration, low intensity). Type Ⅰ had the highest frequency of occurrence at 45.10%, while Type Ⅱ had the largest cumulative rainfall amount, accounting for 34.27% of the total rainfall. (2) Type Ⅰ had the highest runoff and sediment contribution rates, which were 48.96% and 60.78%, respectively. Type Ⅱ had runoff and sediment contribution rates of 39.38% and 36.10%, respectively. Type Ⅲ had relatively low contribution rates to both runoff and sediment yield. Under the same surface runoff amount, the soil loss under Type Ⅰ was 2.12 times and 4.68 times that of Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ, respectively. (3) The contribution rate of Type Ⅰ to the total nitrogen and phosphorus loss ranged from 41.67% to 64.94%, which was 1.02 to 3.50 times that of Type Ⅱ and 2.40 to 4.0 times that of Type Ⅲ. The event-based average losses of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients under Type Ⅰ were 0.14 to 2.75 kg/km², which were 2.06% to 56.0% and 250.0% to 366.67% higher than those under Type Ⅱ, respectively, and 141.46% to 225.0% and 222.22% to 314.29% higher than those under Type Ⅲ, respectively. Conclusion Type Ⅰ has the highest occurrence frequency, reaching 45.1%, and exhibits the highest contribution rates to surface runoff and soil loss, accounting for 48.96% and 60.78%, respectively. It is the dominant factor in soil erosion and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss in red soil slope farmland.
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