Objective This study aims to investigate the vertical transport patterns of fluoride and phosphorus in phosphogypsum leachate at different depths within red clay under varying rainfall intensities, to elucidate the solute transport process model, and to provide theoretical support for preventing and controlling leakage pollution from phosphogypsum stockpiles and for water ecological environment protection in karst mountainous regions. Method Using a phosphogypsum stockpile and surrounding red clay in Guizhou as the study subjects, indoor physical model leaching tests were conducted. Statistical data analysis was performed using Excel, Origin, and SPSS. The Hydrus-1D soil solute transport model was employed to simulate and validate the transport process of fluoride and phosphorus in the red clay. Results Under identical soil depth conditions, the greater the rainfall intensity, the faster the transport of fluoride and phosphorus in red clay, and the smaller the reduction in their concentrations. Under identical rainfall intensity conditions, the greater the red clay depth, the slower the transport of fluoride and phosphorus, and the greater the reduction in their concentrations. Transport was most pronounced within the 0—10 cm depth range. The Hydrus-1D model simulations aligned with the trends observed in experimental measurements. Solute concentrations increased with prolonged leaching duration, with correlation coefficients R² consistently exceeding 0.9, indicating a good model fit. Conclusion The Hydrus-1D model effectively simulates the transport process of fluoride and phosphorus in phosphogypsum leachate within red clay. The findings provide reference parameters for preventing leakage pollution and protecting aquatic ecosystems at phosphogypsum stockpile sites in karst mountainous regions.
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